{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T02:35:48Z","timestamp":1793414148034,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Carotid stenosis is an important contributor to ischemic stroke risk with resultant significant impact on neurological disability and death in adults and with worldwide implications. Management of carotid stenosis is impacted by whether there are associated symptoms along with the degree of stenosis. Understanding of the pathogenesis of carotid atherosclerosis or stenosis is important in management of carotid stenosis. Atherosclerotic plaque formation is a chronic insidious process with a number of potential contributors to the formation of such a plaque. The definition of atherosclerosis is not simply limited to abnormal deposition of lipid but also includes a chronic, complex, inflammatory process. Molecularly, in atherosclerosis, there is decreasing nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, activity and\/or expression of endothelial NO synthase, or increasing degradation of NO secondary to enhanced superoxide production. These above changes cause endothelial dysfunction leading to formation of foam cell followed by formation on lipid plaque. After lipid plaque formation, stable or unstable atherosclerotic plaque is formed depending on the calcium deposition over the lipid plaque. It continues to be clearly established that carotid intervention for symptomatic high-grade carotid stenosis is best managed with intervention either by carotid endarterectomy or carotid stenting. However, asymptomatic carotid stenosis is the subject of considerable controversy in terms of optimal management. This review of carotid atherosclerosis is an attempt to incorporate the information provided by more recent studies on pathogenesis and management which may help in the decision-making process for optimal management for protection against stroke.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/bc.bc_36_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T06:52:40Z","timestamp":1663656760000},"page":"127-136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Carotid atherosclerotic disease"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Shyamal C.","family":"Bir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger E.","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2020.103582","article-title":"Ischemic stroke: Process perspective, clinical and profile characteristics, and external factors","volume":"111","author":"Sato","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"R2-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3754","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000046","article-title":"Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"45","author":"Meschia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R4-3-20240830","first-page":"21","article-title":"Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in the tunica intima, media, and adventitia of coronary arteries: An updated review","volume":"20","author":"Milutinovi\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bosn J Basic Med Sci"},{"key":"R5-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1554911","article-title":"Pathophysiology and medical treatment of carotid artery stenosis","volume":"24","author":"Prasad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Angiol"},{"key":"R6-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2011.09.003","article-title":"The pathogenesis, analysis, and imaging methods of atherosclerotic disease of the carotid artery: Review of the literature","volume":"43","author":"Kingstone","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Imaging Radiat Sci"},{"key":"R7-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.5.3.293","article-title":"Pulsatile flow and atherosclerosis in the human carotid bifurcation. Positive correlation between plaque location and low oscillating shear stress","volume":"5","author":"Ku","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis"},{"key":"R8-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-2009-1241","article-title":"Shear stress in the common carotid artery is related to both intima-media thickness and echogenecity. The Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors study","volume":"43","author":"Lind","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Hemorheol Microcirc"},{"key":"R9-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2320","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00486.2005","article-title":"Plaque-prone hemodynamics impair endothelial function in pig carotid arteries","volume":"290","author":"Gambillara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"R10-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.25.2.155","article-title":"Theodore Cooper Memorial Lecture. Hypertension and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Oxidative stress and the mediation of arterial inflammatory response. A new perspective","volume":"25","author":"Alexander","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"R11-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2005.1.436","article-title":"Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Crowther","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"key":"R12-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2021.17.1.70","article-title":"Platelet-derived growth factor is associated with progression of symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"R13-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.87.3.179","article-title":"Oxidant signaling in vascular cell growth, death, and survival: A review of the roles of reactive oxygen species in smooth muscle and endothelial cell mitogenic and apoptotic signaling","volume":"87","author":"Irani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"R14-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.53.4.502","article-title":"Carotid bifurcation atherosclerosis. Quantitative correlation of plaque localization with flow velocity profiles and wall shear stress","volume":"53","author":"Zarins","year":"1983","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"R15-3-20240830","first-page":"40","article-title":"Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: A multifactorial process","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"R16-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.82.5.532","article-title":"Oscillatory shear stress stimulates adhesion molecule expression in cultured human endothelium","volume":"82","author":"Chappell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"R17-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.72.4.735","article-title":"Locally acting growth factors for vascular smooth muscle cells: Endogenous synthesis and release from platelets","volume":"72","author":"Bowen-Pope","year":"1985","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R18-3-20240830","first-page":"6","article-title":"Absence of enhanced intimal thickening in the response of the carotid arterial wall to endothelial injury in hypercholesterolemic rats","volume":"35","author":"Clowes","year":"1976","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"R19-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(97)00379-2","article-title":"Role of endothelial dysfunction in coronary artery disease","volume":"79","author":"Abrams","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"R20-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.86.7.729","article-title":"The third cytoplasmic loop of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor exerts differential effects on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1\/ERK2) and apoptosis via Ras- and Rap1-dependent pathways","volume":"86","author":"Haendeler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"R21-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.5.1355","article-title":"A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association","volume":"92","author":"Stary","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R22-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303426","article-title":"Thin-cap fibroatheroma rupture is associated with a fine interplay of shear and wall stress","volume":"34","author":"Pedrigi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"R23-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.15.9.1512","article-title":"A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association","volume":"15","author":"Stary","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"R24-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1159\/000189204","article-title":"Human carotid plaque calcification and vulnerability. Relationship between degree of plaque calcification, fibrous cap inflammatory gene expression and symptomatology","volume":"27","author":"Wahlgren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"R25-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000013741.41309.67","article-title":"Bone formation in carotid plaques: A clinicopathological study","volume":"33","author":"Hunt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R26-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.19.6.1491","article-title":"The natural course of atherosclerosis. Part II. Vascular remodeling. Bruneck Study Group","volume":"19","author":"Kiechl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"R27-3-20240830","first-page":"72","article-title":"Endothelial-leukocyte adhesive interactions in inflammatory diseases","volume":"14","author":"Munro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"R28-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000074222.61572.44","article-title":"Characterization of complicated carotid plaque with magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging in patients with cerebral ischemia","volume":"107","author":"Moody","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R29-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-017-0543-8","article-title":"Imaging of the ulcerated carotid atherosclerotic plaque: A review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Rafailidis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"R30-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.597369","article-title":"Association between carotid artery plaque ulceration and plaque composition evaluated with multidetector CT angiography","volume":"42","author":"Homburg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R31-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semvascsurg.2017.04.008","article-title":"High-risk carotid plaque: Lessons learned from histopathology","volume":"30","author":"Kolodgie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Vasc Surg"},{"key":"R32-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02021778","article-title":"Carotid endarterectomy plaques: Correlations of clinical and anatomic findings","volume":"5","author":"Avril","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Surg"},{"key":"R33-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31822b0090","article-title":"High-risk asymptomatic carotid stenosis: Ulceration on 3D ultrasound vs TCD microemboli","volume":"77","author":"Madani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R34-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.27.12.2173","article-title":"Ultrasound densitometric analysis of carotid plaque composition. Pathoanatomic correlation","volume":"27","author":"Beletsky","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R35-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0106-z","article-title":"Atherosclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Libby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"R36-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114867","article-title":"Neutral metalloproteinases produced by human mononuclear phagocytes. Enzyme profile, regulation, and expression during cellular development","volume":"86","author":"Welgus","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R37-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117619","article-title":"Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases and matrix degrading activity in vulnerable regions of human atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"94","author":"Galis","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R38-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2004.04.025","article-title":"Degree of carotid plaque calcification in relation to symptomatic outcome and plaque inflammation","volume":"40","author":"Shaalan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"R39-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02827237","article-title":"The genetic basis of atherosclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Hegele","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Clin Lab Res"},{"key":"R40-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4525","DOI":"10.2741\/3545","article-title":"Genetics of carotid atherosclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Juo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Landmark Ed"},{"key":"R41-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.11.1652","article-title":"Meta-analysis of genetic studies in ischemic stroke: Thirty-two genes involving approximately 18,000 cases and 58,000 controls","volume":"61","author":"Casas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R42-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e131","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040131","article-title":"Genetics of ischaemic stroke among persons of non-European descent: A meta-analysis of eight genes involving approximately 32,500 individuals","volume":"4","author":"Ariyaratnam","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"R43-3-20240830","first-page":"1012","article-title":"Intracranial vascular stenosis and occlusive disease: Evaluation with CT angiography, MR angiography, and digital subtraction angiography","volume":"26","author":"Bash","year":"2005","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"R44-3-20240830","first-page":"371","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging of carotid stenosis: Ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography angiography","volume":"112","author":"Nemoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nihon Geka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"R45-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-019-0685-7","article-title":"Imaging modalities to diagnose carotid artery stenosis: Progress and prospect","volume":"18","author":"Saxena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"},{"key":"R46-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1556056","article-title":"Multimodality imaging of carotid stenosis","volume":"24","author":"Adla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Angiol"},{"key":"R47-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-016-2842-0","article-title":"Detection of carotid artery stenosis using histological specimens: A comparison of CT angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, digital subtraction angiography and Doppler ultrasonography","volume":"158","author":"Netuka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien"},{"key":"R48-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1974.37.4.626","article-title":"An ultrasonic pulsed Doppler system for measuring blood flow in small vessels","volume":"37","author":"Hartley","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"R49-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"x","DOI":"10.3310\/hta10300","article-title":"Accurate, practical and cost-effective assessment of carotid stenosis in the UK","volume":"10","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"R50-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1990.00530090030009","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography of the middle cerebral artery in the hemodynamic assessment of internal carotid artery stenosis","volume":"47","author":"Kelley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R51-3-20240830","first-page":"841","article-title":"\u201cFetal monitoring\u201d within the framework of actual obstetric monitoring","volume":"106","author":"Hochuli","year":"1976","journal-title":"Schweiz Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"R52-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.62.9.1468","article-title":"Assessment: Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: Report of the therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"62","author":"Sloan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R53-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.1.133","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler ultrasound battery reliably identifies severe internal carotid artery stenosis","volume":"28","author":"Wilterdink","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R54-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.5.1079","article-title":"Timing of spontaneous recanalization and risk of hemorrhagic transformation in acute cardioembolic stroke","volume":"32","author":"Molina","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R55-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.502906","article-title":"How accurate is CT angiography in evaluating intracranial atherosclerotic disease?","volume":"39","author":"Nguyen-Huynh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R56-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.02.016","article-title":"Accuracy of computed tomographic angiography compared to digital subtraction angiography in the diagnosis of intracranial stenosis and its impact on clinical decision-making","volume":"22","author":"Duffis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"R57-3-20240830","first-page":"579","article-title":"The surgical therapy of alkaline esophagitis. The authors' own experience","volume":"47","author":"Fiaccavento","year":"1992","journal-title":"Minerva Chir"},{"key":"R58-3-20240830","first-page":"97","article-title":"CT angiographic analysis of carotid artery stenosis: Comparison of manual assessment, semiautomatic vessel analysis, and digital subtraction angiography","volume":"28","author":"Silvennoinen","year":"2007","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"R59-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.139.2.7012921","article-title":"Digital subtraction angiography of the carotid arteries: A comparative study in 100 patients","volume":"139","author":"Chilcote","year":"1981","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"R62-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)22019-8","article-title":"Surgery for prevention of stroke","volume":"351","author":"Donnan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R63-3-20240830","first-page":"e85","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics-2006 update: A report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee","volume":"113","author":"Thom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R64-3-20240830","first-page":"e6","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics-2013 update: A report from the American Heart Association","volume":"127","author":"Go","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R65-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.192218","article-title":"Definition and evaluation of transient ischemic attack: A scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this statement as an educational tool for neurologists","volume":"40","author":"Easton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R66-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.11136","article-title":"Contemporary prevalence of carotid stenosis in patients presenting with ischaemic stroke","volume":"106","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"R67-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.581058","article-title":"Prevalence of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis in the general population: An individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"de Weerd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R68-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2658","article-title":"Prevalence of high-risk plaques and risk of stroke in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis: A meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Kamtchum-Tatuene","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"R69-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.01.013","article-title":"Plaque hemorrhage in carotid artery disease: Pathogenesis, clinical and biomechanical considerations","volume":"47","author":"Teng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"R70-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.03.028","article-title":"Prediction of stroke risk by detection of hemorrhage in carotid plaques: Meta-analysis of individual patient data","volume":"13","author":"Schindler","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"R71-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199108153250701","article-title":"Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis","volume":"325","author":"Barnett","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R72-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199811123392002","article-title":"Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators","volume":"339","author":"Barnett","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R73-3-20240830","first-page":"CD000515","article-title":"Carotid artery stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid artery stenosis","volume":"2","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"R74-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2020.05.039","article-title":"Natural history of non-operative management in asymptomatic patients with 70%-80% internal carotid artery stenosis by duplex criteria","volume":"60","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"R75-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-018-0888-5","article-title":"Asymptomatic carotid stenosis: Intervention or best medical therapy?","volume":"18","author":"Gaba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"R76-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199301283280401","article-title":"Efficacy of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group","volume":"328","author":"Hobson","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R77-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4638","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666160510125229","article-title":"Statins in stroke prevention: Present and future","volume":"22","author":"Castilla-Guerra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"R78-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvssci.2021.03.001","article-title":"Review of imaging biomarkers for the vulnerable carotid plaque","volume":"2","author":"Saba","year":"2021","journal-title":"JVS Vasc Sci"},{"key":"R79-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.05.042","article-title":"Patient selection for carotid stenting versus endarterectomy: A systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Narins","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"R80-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(90)90642-F","article-title":"Vitamin B12 and folate status in acute geropsychiatric inpatients: Affective and cognitive characteristics of a vitamin nondeficient population","volume":"27","author":"Bell","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R81-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.036464","article-title":"Transcarotid artery stenting: Hype or hope?","volume":"53","author":"de Borst","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R82-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2018.11.029","article-title":"In-hospital outcomes of transcarotid artery revascularization and carotid endarterectomy in the Society for Vascular Surgery Vascular Quality Initiative","volume":"71","author":"Schermerhorn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"R83-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2018.09.060","article-title":"A multi-institutional analysis of transcarotid artery revascularization compared to carotid endarterectomy","volume":"70","author":"Kashyap","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"R84-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702657","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.702657","article-title":"The course of carotid plaque vulnerability assessed by advanced neurosonology","volume":"12","author":"Aarli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R85-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5288","article-title":"Carotid plaque morphology and ischemic vascular brain disease on MRI","volume":"38","author":"van den Bouwhuijsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"R86-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt.2020.03.12","article-title":"MR imaging of vulnerable carotid plaque","volume":"10","author":"Porambo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diagn Ther"},{"key":"R87-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2018.11.050","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of carotid plaque morphology (geometry and tissue composition) using computed tomography angiography","volume":"70","author":"Chrencik","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"}],"container-title":["Brain Circulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/bc.bc_36_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:14:06Z","timestamp":1787757246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/bc.bc_36_22"}},"subtitle":["A systematic review of pathogenesis and management"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/bc.bc_36_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["2394-8108"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2394-8108","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}}}