{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:42:45Z","timestamp":1787071365319,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"\n Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic, progressive scarring disorder of the oral mucosa and a high-risk precancerous condition, once limited to the Indian subcontinent, but now a global health concern. Limited research has been done regarding the bacterial involvement in OSF. This study examines the bacterial microflora in OSF patients to assess its possible role in disease progression and malignant transformation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aims and Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the bacterial microflora in normal healthy individuals and OSF patients and to compare and correlate the above attributes for the evaluation of any alteration of bacterial microflora in OSF and normal healthy individuals so as to predict its role in progression of the disease process.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Seventy-eight OSF patients and 29 normal healthy individuals were studied over 1\u00bd years. The samples from the oral cavity were collected, cultured aseptically for the presence of aerobic and anaerobic microbes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Samples from OSF patients show more\n Micrococcus<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Klebsiella, Branhamella,<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n , but fewer\n Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Diphtheroids<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Pseudomonas.<\/jats:italic>\n Among anaerobes,\n Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Porphyromonas<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Clostridium<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Peptostreptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Parvimonas<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Eubacterium<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Peptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n are more common, while\n Veillonella<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Fusobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n are less prevalent.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n It was observed that the variation in abundance of the isolated bacteria is similar to that found in oral cancer. Furthermore, reduction of certain commensal bacteria has also contributed in the concomitant rise of pathogenic bacteria already reported for their carcinogenic potential. Hence, it can be opined that these microbes are likely playing a plausible biological role in the initiation and progression of this premalignant disease.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_590_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T05:00:09Z","timestamp":1774587609000},"page":"31-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microbial Shifts in Oral Submucous Fibrosis: Exploring the Role of Oral Microflora"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sudeshna","family":"Bagchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mousumi","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anindita","family":"Rakshit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Raiganj Government Medical College and Hospital, Raiganj, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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