{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:34:43Z","timestamp":1787841283903,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), a \u201d major inflammatory cytokine,\u201d not only plays an important role in periodontal destruction but also is extremely toxic to the host. Till date, there are not many studies comparing the levels of TNF-\u03b1 in serum and its relationship to periodontal disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study aimed to compare the serum TNF-\u03b1 among the two study groups, namely, healthy controls and chronic periodontitis patients and establish a correlation between serum TNF-\u03b1 and various clinical parameters. Hence, an attempt is made to estimate the level of TNF-\u03b1 in serum, its relationship to periodontal disease and to explore the possibility of using the level of TNF-\u03b1 in serum as a biochemical \u201c marker\u201d of periodontal disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty individuals participated in the study and were grouped into two subgroups. Group A \u2013 20 systemically and periodontally healthy controls. Group B \u2013 twenty patients with generalized chronic periodontitis. The serum samples were assayed for TNF-\u03b1 levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean serum TNF-\u03b1 cytokines for Group B Generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP) was 2.977 \u00b1 1.011, and Group A (healthy) was 0.867 \u00b1 0.865. The range of serum TNF-\u03b1 was from (0.867 to 2.977). Serum TNF-\u03b1 cytokines had highly significant correlation with all clinical parameters (plaque index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, and gingival index) among all study participants (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These observations suggest a positive association between periodontal disease and increased levels of TNF-\u03b1 in serum. It can be concluded that there is a prospect of using the estimation of TNF-\u03b1 in serum as a \u201cmarker\u201d of periodontal disease in future. However, it remains a possibility that the absence or low levels of TNF-\u03b1 in serum might indicate a stable lesion and elevated levels might indicate an active site but only longitudinal studies taking into account, the disease \u201cactivity\u201d and \u201cinactivity\u201d could suggest the possibility of using TNF-\u03b1 in serum as an \u201cIndicator\u201d of periodontal disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_97_18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,20]],"date-time":"2020-12-20T02:48:38Z","timestamp":1608432518000},"page":"342-349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Comparative Evaluation of Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor \u03b1 in Health and Chronic Periodontitis: A Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Prince","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant Periodontist and Implantologist, Vidisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditi","family":"Ved","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Surgeon, Dental Planet Clinic, Vidisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajat","family":"Dubey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Government Hospital, Ratlam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant Periodontist, Bhopal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuj Singh","family":"Parihar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"People's Dental Academy, Bhopal Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rochira","family":"Maytreyee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Surgeon, Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-004-0011-y","article-title":"Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus","volume":"4","author":"Pucher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"R2-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1993.tb02108.x","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease: Cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"28","author":"Seymour","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"key":"R3-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/nri803","article-title":"Effects of cigarette smoke on the immune system","volume":"2","author":"Sopori","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R4-20250920","first-page":"369","article-title":"Smoking and periodontal disease: Clinical evidence for an association","volume":"7","author":"Moimaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"key":"R5-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1986.tb01502.x","article-title":"Indicators of periodontal disease activity: An evaluation","volume":"13","author":"Fine","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"R6-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2302\/kjm.54.127","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1lpha and pathologic bone resorption","volume":"54","author":"Boyce","year":"2005","journal-title":"Keio J Med"},{"key":"R7-20250920","first-page":"445","article-title":"A novel method for the detection of TNF-\u03b1lpha in gingival crevicular fluid","volume":"64","author":"Rossomando","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R8-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2008.01119.x","article-title":"Salivary cytokine levels in subjects with chronic periodontitis and in periodontally healthy individuals: A cross-sectional study","volume":"44","author":"Teles","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"key":"R9-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2007.06.006","article-title":"Role of adipocytokines in obesity-associated insulin resistance","volume":"19","author":"Zou","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"R10-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.01050.x","article-title":"Up-regulation of TNF-\u03b1lpha secretion by cigarette smoke is mediated by Egr-1 in HaCaT human keratinocytes","volume":"19","author":"Jeong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"R11-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2013.130117","article-title":"Saliva and serum levels of B-cell activating factors and tumor necrosis factor-a in patients with periodontitis","volume":"85","author":"G\u00fcm\u00fcs","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R12-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06246","article-title":"Recognition of microorganisms and activation of the immune response","volume":"449","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R13-20250920","first-page":"297","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factors in 1998","volume":"9","author":"Wajant","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"R14-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e90","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0090","article-title":"Glycemic control and adipokines after periodontal therapy in patients with Type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"key":"R15-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(90)90205-O","article-title":"Tumour necrosis factor alpha in gingival crevicular fluid as a possible indicator of periodontal disease in humans","volume":"35","author":"Rossomando","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"R16-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1994.65.2.139","article-title":"The secretion of PGE2, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF alpha by adherent mononuclear cells from early onset periodontitis patients","volume":"65","author":"Shapira","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R17-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051x.2001.028003233.x","article-title":"Soluble antagonists to interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibits loss of tissue attachment in experimental periodontitis","volume":"28","author":"Delima","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"R18-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2003.00350.x","article-title":"Delayed neutrophil apoptosis in chronic periodontitis patients","volume":"30","author":"Gamonal","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"R19-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0765.2003.00662.x","article-title":"In vivo administration of recombinant TNF-\u03b1lpha promotes bone resorption in mice","volume":"38","author":"Gaspersic","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"key":"R20-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0765.2003.00701.x","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression and detection of apoptosis at the site of chronic periodontitis in AIDS patients","volume":"38","author":"Vieira","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"key":"R21-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d12","DOI":"10.2741\/A171","article-title":"Cytokines in acute and chronic inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Feghali","year":"1997","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"R22-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.102221","article-title":"Estimation of the level of tumor necrosis factor-a in gingival crevicular fluid and serum in periodontal health and disease: A biochemical study","volume":"23","author":"Gokul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Res"},{"key":"R23-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12017","article-title":"Effects of periodontal therapy on disease activity and systemic inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"19","author":"Erciyas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"R24-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2008.01350.x","article-title":"Role of serum cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in the association between body weight and periodontal infection","volume":"36","author":"Saxlin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"R25-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2012.120510","article-title":"Orthodontic force increases interleukin-1\u03b2 and tumor necrosis factor-a expression and alveolar bone loss in periodontitis","volume":"84","author":"Boas Nogueira","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R26-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2012.120078","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-a and porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharides decrease periostin in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts","volume":"84","author":"Padial-Molina","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R27-20250920","first-page":"549","article-title":"The effect of chronic periodontitis on serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in Alzheimer disease","volume":"11","author":"Farhad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dent Res J (Isfahan)"},{"key":"R28-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-012-0100-3","article-title":"Ghrelin levels in chronic periodontitis patients","volume":"102","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"R29-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-124X.134566","article-title":"Salivary TNF-\u03b1lpha: A potential marker of periodontal destruction","volume":"18","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Periodontol"},{"key":"R30-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.15171\/jpid.2015.002","article-title":"The effects of obesity on local and circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-6 in patients with chronic periodontitis","volume":"7","author":"Kosel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Periodontol Implant Dent"},{"key":"R31-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12396","article-title":"Local and serum levels of adipokines in patients with obesity after periodontal therapy: One-year follow-up","volume":"42","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"R32-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12191","article-title":"Focal adhesion kinase activation is required for TNF-\u03b1-induced production of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and proinflammatory cytokines in cultured human periodontal ligament fibroblasts","volume":"123","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"R33-20250920","first-page":"23","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of salivary TNF-\u03b1 in oral lichen planus patients","volume":"34","author":"Malarkodi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"key":"R34-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/aej.12072","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in human apical periodontitis: Correlation with clinical and histological findings","volume":"41","author":"Jakovljevic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust Endod J"},{"key":"R35-20250920","first-page":"e159","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-a attenuates the osteogenic differentiation capacity of periodontal ligament stem cells by activating PERK signaling","volume":"87","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R36-20250920","first-page":"71","article-title":"Increased expression of TNF-\u03b1 occurs before the development of periodontitis among obese Chinese children: A Potential marker for prediction and prevention of periodontitis","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"key":"R37-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.3109\/00016356609028739","article-title":"Periodontal disease in pregnancy and correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal conditions","volume":"24","author":"Silness","year":"1964","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"R38-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3109\/00016356309011240","article-title":"Periodontal disease in pregnancy.I Prevalence and severity","volume":"21","author":"Loe","year":"1963","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"R39-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1976.47.9.511","article-title":"Periodontal probing and the relationship of the probe tip to periodontal tissues","volume":"47","author":"Listgarten","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R40-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.1999.260704.x","article-title":"Measurement of clinical attachment levels using a constant-force periodontal probe modified to detect the cemento-enamel junction","volume":"26","author":"Preshaw","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"R41-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.090015","article-title":"Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy and periodontal parameters in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"80","author":"Mayer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R42-20250920","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers as potential mediators for the association between periodontal and systemic disease in Kosovo","volume":"6","author":"Sllamnikudalipi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Int Dent Med Res"},{"key":"R43-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0303-6979.2004.00454.x","article-title":"Effects of smoking on clinical parameters and the gingival crevicular fluid levels of IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1lpha in patients with chronic periodontitis","volume":"31","author":"Erdemir","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"R44-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00832.x","article-title":"Imbalance between soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors type 1 and 2 in chronic periodontitis","volume":"32","author":"Ikezawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"R45-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2006.050338","article-title":"Human periodontal ligament cells secrete macrophage colony-stimulating factor in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha in vitro","volume":"77","author":"Yongchaitrakul","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R46-20250920","first-page":"7","article-title":"The effect of periodontal therapy on TNF-\u03b1lpha, IL-6 and metabolic control in type 2 diabetics","volume":"80","author":"Talbert","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Dent Hyg"},{"key":"R47-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2006.01017.x","article-title":"Plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in patients with chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes","volume":"34","author":"Engebretson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"R48-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2008.070599","article-title":"Gingivitis and periodontitis are related to repeated high levels of circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"79","author":"Nilsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R49-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2008.01317.x","article-title":"Effects of treatment on soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor type 1 and 2 in chronic periodontitis","volume":"35","author":"Ikezawa-Suzuki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"R50-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2008.01083.x","article-title":"The effect of periodontal therapy on serum TNF-\u03b1lpha and HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"54","author":"Dag","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"key":"R51-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.090076","article-title":"Gingival inflammation and interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in gingival crevicular fluid during the menstrual cycle","volume":"80","author":"Baser","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R52-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.080447","article-title":"Periodontal therapy reduces the severity of active rheumatoid arthritis in patients treated with or without tumor necrosis factor inhibitors","volume":"80","author":"Ortiz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R53-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.080521","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels after surgical anti-infective mechanical therapy for peri-implantitis: A 12-month follow-up","volume":"80","author":"de Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R54-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2008.01491.x","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1lpha and IL-4 levels in generalized aggressive periodontitis subjects","volume":"15","author":"Bastos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"R55-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-2358.2009.00291.x","article-title":"Interleukin-6 (G-174C) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (G-308A) gene polymorphisms in geriatric patients with chronic periodontitis","volume":"27","author":"Costa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"R56-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2009.01209.x","article-title":"Periodontitis-associated up-regulation of systemic inflammatory mediator level may increase the risk of coronary heart disease","volume":"45","author":"Nakajima","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"key":"R57-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2009.01531.x","article-title":"The essential role of toll like receptor-4 in the control of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans infection in mice","volume":"37","author":"Lima","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"R58-20250920","first-page":"159","article-title":"Estimation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the gingival crevicular fluid of poorly, moderately and well controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with periodontal disease \u2013 A clinical and biochemical study","volume":"2","author":"Jaganath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Stomatol"},{"key":"R59-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-2358.2010.00441.x","article-title":"Possible relationship between periodontitis and dementia in a North Indian old age population: A pilot study","volume":"29","author":"Rai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"R60-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2011.01880.x","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokine levels in hyperlipidemic patients with periodontitis after periodontal treatment","volume":"18","author":"Fentoglu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"R61-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2011.110548","article-title":"Serum plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tumor necrosis factor-a levels in obesity and periodontal disease","volume":"83","author":"Akman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R62-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2011.110346","article-title":"Relationships among interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-a, adipokines, Vitamin D, and chronic periodontitis","volume":"83","author":"Teles","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R63-20250920","first-page":"51","article-title":"Correlation between interleukin-1\u03b2, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-a and clinical parameters in chronic and aggressive periodontal disease","volume":"3","author":"Vahabi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Periodontol Implant Dent"},{"key":"R64-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-8844.106201","article-title":"Estimation of tumor necrosis factor-a in chronic periodontitis and its co-relation with preterm gestation: A clinico biochemical study","volume":"4","author":"Reddy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Orofac Sci"},{"key":"R65-20250920","first-page":"37","article-title":"Effects of surgical periodontal therapy on serum levels of TNF-\u03b1lpha in patients with chronic periodontitis","volume":"49","author":"Yun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Folia Med (Plovdiv)"},{"key":"R66-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-015-0156-5","article-title":"Lipids and lipoproteins and inflammatory markers in patients with chronic apical periodontitis","volume":"14","author":"Kimak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"R67-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1991.tb01649.x","article-title":"The role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease","volume":"26","author":"Page","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"key":"R68-20250920","first-page":"45","article-title":"The assessment of serum and GCF proinflammatory cytokines levels in patients with osteoporosis and periodontal disease","volume":"6","author":"Ursarescu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Roman J Oral Rehab"},{"key":"R69-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-237X.161885","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of clinical, hematological and systemic inflammatory markers in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis","volume":"6","author":"Kanakdande","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Dent"},{"key":"R70-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1991.62.8.504","article-title":"Tissue levels of bone resorptive cytokines in periodontal disease","volume":"62","author":"Stashenko","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R71-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-124X.201694","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin-4 and -6 in the serum of health, chronic periodontitis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"20","author":"Acharya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Periodontol"},{"key":"R72-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2005.76.11.1849","article-title":"Gingival crevicular fluid levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis","volume":"76","author":"Kurtis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Periodontol"}],"container-title":["Contemporary Clinical Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ccd.ccd_97_18","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:48:33Z","timestamp":1787838513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ccd.ccd_97_18"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ccd.ccd_97_18","relation":{},"ISSN":["0976-237X","0976-2361"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0976-237X","type":"print"},{"value":"0976-2361","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-02-16","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-08","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}