{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:17:43Z","timestamp":1789989463229,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>According to the <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Grand Chinese Dictionary<\/jats:italic>, plague is defined to be an acute infectious disease. The Chinese term \u201cinfectious disease\u201d is not what it is commonly thought originated from Japanese. The medical nomenclature shift from the traditional \u201cplague\u201d to the modern \u201cinfectious disease\u201d is completed by the medical missionaries, Chinese scholars, and the national authority, each utilising different strategies. It is a history of acceptance concerning the concept of \u201cinfectious disease\u201d from academia to national level. The conscious use of infectious disease-related thought and terminology by Chinese officials and doctors when studying infectious disease is a scientific modernization towards the understanding of epidemics. In a sense, this evolution of medical knowledge embodies the modernization of infectious disease in China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/cmac.cmac_31_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T19:04:22Z","timestamp":1659121462000},"page":"189-200","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Cognitive Evolution from \u201cPlague\u201d to \u201cInfectious Disease\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Xi","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20230821","first-page":"19","article-title":"Infectious diseases as historical indicators","volume":"8","author":"Lijima","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Chin Soc Historic Rev"},{"key":"R2-20230821","first-page":"51","article-title":"From avoiding epidemics to preventing epidemics: The evolution of the concept of coping with epidemics in the late Qing dynasty","volume":"47","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J J Cent China Normal Univ"},{"key":"R3-20230821","article-title":"Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces for Emergencies","volume":"29","author":"Sun","journal-title":"Cited from Complete Library in Four Branches of Literature"},{"key":"R4-20230821","first-page":"129","article-title":"Chinese Medical Rare Books","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"1984"},{"key":"R7-20230821","first-page":"287","article-title":"Grand Dictionary of Chinese Language","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"1991"},{"key":"R8-20230821","article-title":"Modern Chinese Certificate Dictionary","author":"Lv","year":"2017"},{"key":"R9-20230821","article-title":"Leprosy: A Medical and Social History of a Disease","author":"Liang","year":"2013"},{"key":"R10-20230821","first-page":"148","article-title":"Ancient plague, epidemic and miasma are not necessarily explosive infectious diseases","volume":"35","author":"Lai","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Chin J Med History"},{"key":"R11-20230821","first-page":"41","article-title":"Disease and epidemic\u201d and \u201cinfection\u201d-Take \u201cZhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun\u201d as the center to discuss the disease concept of medical books from the Wei and Jin dynasties to the Sui and tang dynasties","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Tai Da Li Shi Xue Bao"},{"key":"R13-20230821","first-page":"205","article-title":"Comment on Jiangnan plague and society in the Qing dynasty: A study of medical social history","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J New Historiograp"},{"key":"R14-20230821","first-page":"49","article-title":"Facing Disease: Medical Concepts and Organizations in Traditional Chinese Society","author":"Liang","year":"2012"},{"key":"R16-20230821","first-page":"16","article-title":"The Game of Modern Chinese and Western Medicine: A History of Chinese Medicine Antibacterials","author":"Pi","year":"2019"},{"key":"R17-20230821","first-page":"195","article-title":"The Formation of Modern Chinese Words: A Study of Chinese Loanwords in the 19th Century","author":"Masini","year":"1997"},{"key":"R20-20230821","first-page":"86","article-title":"Morrison","year":"1822","journal-title":"Dictionary"},{"key":"R21-20230821","first-page":"302","article-title":"English and Chinese Dictionary","author":"Medhurst","year":"1847"},{"key":"R22-20230821","first-page":"43","article-title":"Grammar of the Chinese Language","author":"Lobscheio","year":"1864"},{"key":"R23-20230821","first-page":"17","article-title":"A Vocabulary of the Shanghai Dialec","author":"Edkins","year":"1869"},{"key":"R24-20230821","first-page":"92","article-title":"The Collection of Words and Phrases in Ningbo Dialect","author":"Mureson","year":"1876"},{"key":"R27-20230821","article-title":"The Beginner's First Book in the Chinese Language (Canton Vernacular)","author":"Bevan","year":"1847"},{"key":"R28-20230821","first-page":"66","article-title":"Report on the plague prevailing in canton during the spring and summer of 1894","author":"Rennie","year":"1894","journal-title":"J Customs Med Rep"},{"key":"R29-20230821","article-title":"English-Chinese Rhyme House","author":"Wei","year":"1874"},{"key":"R30-20230821","first-page":"154","article-title":"Medical nomenclature","volume":"4","author":"Hunter","year":"1890","journal-title":"China Med Missionary J"},{"key":"R31-20230821","first-page":"1","article-title":"New Interpretation of Internal Medicine. New Theory of Internal Medicine (the version collected in Renji Medical Museum, Shanghai, Jiangsu Province)","author":"He","year":"1858"},{"key":"R32-20230821","first-page":"30","article-title":"A Brief Discussion on Western Medicine (the version collected in Renji Medical Museum, Shanghai, Jiangsu Province)","author":"He","year":"1857"},{"key":"R33-20230821","article-title":"Medical Vocabulary in English and Chinese","author":"Hobson","year":"1858"},{"key":"R34-20230821","first-page":"51","article-title":"Medical Vocabulary in English and Chinese","author":"Hobson","year":"1858"},{"key":"R36-20230821","first-page":"7","article-title":"Report on the Health of Swatow for the Half Year Ended 30th September, 1871","author":"Scott","year":"1871","journal-title":"J Custom Gazette"},{"key":"R37-20230821","first-page":"112","article-title":"Medical reports for the half year ended 31st March 1871","author":"Hart","year":"1871","journal-title":"J Custom Gazette"},{"key":"R38-20230821","first-page":"1","article-title":"Internal Medicine","author":"Hooper","year":"1881"},{"key":"R39-20230821","first-page":"32","article-title":"Internal Medicine","author":"Hooper","year":"1881"},{"key":"R40-20230821","first-page":"184","article-title":"Medical nomenclature","volume":"10","author":"Cousland","year":"1896","journal-title":"China Med Missionary J"},{"key":"R41-20230821","first-page":"195","article-title":"Medical nomenclature","volume":"10","author":"Cousland","year":"1896","journal-title":"China Med Missionary J"},{"key":"R42-20230821","first-page":"6","article-title":"English-Chinese Lexicon of Medical Terms","author":"Cousland","year":"1908"},{"key":"R43-20230821","first-page":"468","article-title":"On the Input of New Learning Language","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fu J Selected Works of Wang Guowei"},{"key":"R44-20230821","first-page":"59","article-title":"He Shi Xue","author":"He","year":"1915"},{"key":"R45-20230821","first-page":"63","article-title":"He Shi Liao Xue","author":"He","year":"1915"},{"key":"R46-20230821","first-page":"470","article-title":"On the Input of New Learning Words","author":"Wang","year":"1905"},{"key":"R48-20230821","first-page":"11","article-title":"The History of the Development of the Shanghai Health Quarantine","author":"Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine","year":"2012"},{"key":"R49-20230821","article-title":"The Shanghai Even Courier","author":"Consular","year":"1873"},{"key":"R50-20230821","first-page":"39","article-title":"Report on the health of shanghai for the half year ended 31st March,1874","author":"Jamieson","year":"1874","journal-title":"J Custom Med Rep"},{"key":"R51-20230821","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bureau of Foreign History","year":"1871-1872","journal-title":"The Four Years of Meiji"},{"key":"R52-20230821","first-page":"17","article-title":"Report of the Ministry of the Interior and Health of Japan","year":"1877"},{"key":"R53-20230821","first-page":"241","article-title":"The Centennial History of Medical System","year":"1976"},{"key":"R54-20230821","first-page":"17","article-title":"Prevention of Infectious Diseases and Setting Up Medical Bureau","year":"1877","journal-title":"J Wan Guo Bao"},{"key":"R55-20230821","first-page":"244","article-title":"The Centennial History of Medical System","year":"1976"},{"key":"R56-20230821","first-page":"250","article-title":"The Centennial History of Medical System","year":"1976"},{"key":"R57-20230821","first-page":"66","article-title":"J Yi Xue Shi Jie","volume":"6","year":"1908"},{"key":"R59-20230821","first-page":"123","article-title":"Ri Ben Guo Zhi, Vol.30 The Book of English and Russia","author":"Huang","year":"2016"},{"key":"R61-20230821","first-page":"105","article-title":"The New History of Western Europe","author":"Lee","year":"2002"},{"key":"R63-20230821","first-page":"782","article-title":"New Decree of Guangxu of Qing Dynasty","year":"1910"},{"key":"R64-20230821","first-page":"779","article-title":"New Decree of Guangxu of Qing Dynasty","year":"1906"},{"key":"R65-20230821","article-title":"The Qing Dynasty Guangxu Criminal Law","year":"1911"},{"key":"R66-20230821","first-page":"3","article-title":"President Sets Up Infectious Disease Hospital for Epidemic Prevention","volume":"20","year":"1915","journal-title":"J Int Affairs Gazette"},{"key":"R67-20230821","first-page":"16","article-title":"Secretary's speech on the promulgation of the prevention of infectious diseases rules","volume":"2","author":"Yu","year":"1916","journal-title":"J Natl Med J China"},{"key":"R68-20230821","first-page":"5","article-title":"New notes on acute infectious diseases","volume":"4","author":"Ding","year":"1910","journal-title":"J Lecture Notes Correspond Teach New Med"},{"key":"R69-20230821","first-page":"11","article-title":"The relationship between the health of infectious diseases and the survival of ethnic groups","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"1908","journal-title":"J Nanyang J War"},{"key":"R70-20230821","first-page":"1","article-title":"A talk on bacteriology","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"1913","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Western Med"},{"key":"R71-20230821","first-page":"148","article-title":"Ancient Disease Syndrome and Its Meaning","author":"Yu","year":"1953"},{"key":"R73-20230821","first-page":"69","article-title":"To teach them how to live: The politics of public health from tuberculosis to AIDS","volume":"1","author":"Alan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J J Historical Sociol"}],"container-title":["Chinese Medicine and Culture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.4103\/CMAC.CMAC_31_20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T03:27:46Z","timestamp":1692674866000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.4103\/CMAC.CMAC_31_20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/cmac.cmac_31_20","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-9627","2589-9473"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-9627","type":"print"},{"value":"2589-9473","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}}}