{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:27:32Z","timestamp":1786728452474,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n \n The use of natural plant extracts to combat pathogenic bacteria offers a promising approach to preventing microbial resistance. This study explores the synergistic antimicrobial effects of\n Salvadora persica<\/jats:italic>\n , propolis, and clove extracts against\n Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n This was an\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n experimental study designed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and synergistic interactions of ethanol extracts of\n S. persica<\/jats:italic>\n , clove, and propolis against\n S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n and\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n using agar dilution and checkerboard assays. The chemical composition of the extracts was analyzed using Soxhlet and accelerated solvent extraction methods, followed by gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry analysis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The minimum inhibitory concentration values for\n S. persica<\/jats:italic>\n , clove, and propolis against\n S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n were 4.5 mg\/ml, 9 mg\/ml, and 2.2 mg\/ml, respectively, and for\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n , 4.5 mg\/ml for\n S. persica<\/jats:italic>\n and clove, and 1.1 mg\/ml for propolis. Combinations of these extracts demonstrated synergistic effects with fractional inhibitory concentration indexes ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 against both pathogens.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n \n These results suggest that combining plant extracts with propolis may offer an effective strategy for treating oral infections. Given the role of\n S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n in dental caries, these findings support the potential use of these natural compounds in preventive and therapeutic dental applications.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/drj.drj_242_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T05:00:08Z","timestamp":1778821208000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial synergy of Salvadora persica, clove, and propolis against oral pathogens: Relevance to dental applications"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Farzaneh","family":"Sotoudegan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Centre, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 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