{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:31:51Z","timestamp":1787776311833,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n \n Dental caries are caused by acidic by-products from bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates and can lead to oral complications. Oral candidiasis is another disease affecting quality of life, especially in diabetic and immunocompromised patients. Interest in using Persian medicine to manage oral diseases has been growing recently. Persian medicine texts highlight medicinal plants such as\n Artemisia dracunculus<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Citrus medica<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Pimpinella anisum<\/jats:italic>\n for oral health benefits. The present research explores the antimicrobial effects of these plants against microorganisms causing caries and oral candidiasis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n This is an\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n study, aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, and antimicrobial effects of\n C. medica<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n P. anisum<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n A. dracunculus<\/jats:italic>\n on oral pathogens. Based on criteria such as accessibility, recognizability, and novelty, leaves of\n A. dracunculus<\/jats:italic>\n , peels of C\n . medica<\/jats:italic>\n , and seeds of\n P. anisum<\/jats:italic>\n were chosen. Their chemical compositions were analyzed after procuring the plant samples and preparing their essential oils (EOs). Subsequently, the diameters of the inhibition zones and their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration\/minimum fungicidal concentration values were measured.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The major chemical components of\n P. anisum<\/jats:italic>\n \u2019s EO (PAEO),\n A. dracunculus\u2019<\/jats:italic>\n EO (ADEO), and\n C. medica<\/jats:italic>\n \u2019s EO (CMEO) were estragole (75.77%), anethole (89.03%), and limonene (92.31%), respectively. All pathogens were susceptible to all EOs except\n Streptococcus salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n , which was resistant to CMEO and had the highest MIC. Except for this EO, all the other EOs showed inhibition zones with diameters ranging from 6 to 30 mm, ADEO being the most effective. In MICs,\n Lactobacillus acidophilus<\/jats:italic>\n was the most sensitive microorganism tested with MIC. In contrast, the most resistant microorganism was\n S. salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n The attained results demonstrated that the examined plants possess notable antimicrobial properties against oral pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/drj.drj_390_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T08:00:32Z","timestamp":1745395232000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Chemical composition, antibacterial, and antifungal effects of Citrus medica (citron), Pimpinella anisum (anise), and Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon) on oral pathogens: An in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sina","family":"Mohammadzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Rezazadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parisa","family":"Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Vali-e-Asr Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fakhri Haghi","family":"Tomatari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samineh","family":"Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Mohebian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60031-2","article-title":"Dental caries","volume":"369","author":"Selwitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R2-20250524","first-page":"158","article-title":"Dental caries status and its related factors in Iran: A meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Soltani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dent 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