{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:42:29Z","timestamp":1787071349740,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral candidiasis is one of the most common fungal infections affecting the oral mucosa. It is usually managed by taking antifungal medication that might result in side effects such as toxicity and drug resistance. Therefore, consumption of herbal medicine with antifungal activity and fewer side effects has become popular. This study is a systematic review to investigate the improvement and reduction of oral candidiasis symptoms by herbal compounds compared to conventional antifungal drugs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Magiran databases were searched from 1995 to 2021 based on the keywords of the question formula \u2013 oral candidiasis (P), herbal compounds (I), antifungal drugs (C), and improvement of clinical symptoms and laboratory tests (O) \u2013 to find related randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in English and Persian languages. Related articles were extracted based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and critically appraised using the modified-CONSORT checklist. The risk of bias was also assessed using the Cochrane tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After removing duplicates and checking the title and abstract of the articles, 98 articles from 1995 to November 2021 of 715 were reviewed. 83 RCTs were excluded due to non-relevancy and 15 remained for critical appraisal, of which 5 articles were rejected. Finally, 10 articles were included in the systematic review. Based on the risk of bias assessment, one article had low risk, 6 articles had unclear risk, and 3 articles had a high risk of bias. Herbal compounds were applied in the form of gel in 3 articles, in the form of ointment and mouthwash in 1 and 6 articles, respectively. In terms of clinical improvement and laboratory findings, herbal compound mouthwashes and ointment did not have a significant difference from conventional antifungal drugs, but the articles related to compound gels reported variable effects (better, similar, and weaker). Furthermore, herbal compounds generally had more patient satisfaction than antifungal drugs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It seems that herbal compounds have clinical applications in the treatment of oral candidiasis and gained more patients\u2019 satisfaction. To achieve more valid results, it is suggested to conduct more RCTs with a low risk of bias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/drj.drj_415_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T03:00:15Z","timestamp":1750993215000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparison of herbal products with antifungal drugs in cure of oral candidiasis: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Faezeh","family":"Khozeimeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Dental Research Center, Dental Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negar","family":"Ghadiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Public Health, Dental Students\u2019 Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behzad","family":"Zolfaghari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahareh","family":"Tahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Public Health, Dental Research Center, Dental Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-023-00759-5","article-title":"The role of novel antifungals in the management of candidiasis: A clinical perspective","volume":"188","author":"Ordaya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"R2-20250627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.2023049730","article-title":"Human oropharyngeal candidiasis: From etiology to current treatment","volume":"43","author":"Qadir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R3-20250627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201819666220418104042","article-title":"Oral candidiasis and novel therapeutic strategies: Antifungals, phytotherapy, probiotics, and photodynamic therapy","volume":"20","author":"Contaldo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Drug Deliv"},{"key":"R4-20250627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/scd.12570","article-title":"Efficacy of essential oil of cinnamon for the treatment of oral candidiasis: A randomized trial","volume":"41","author":"de Ara\u00fajo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spec Care Dentist"},{"key":"R5-20250627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.0953","article-title":"Common oral conditions: A review","volume":"331","author":"Stoopler","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R6-20250627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6694876","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6694876","article-title":"Phytomedicine from middle Eastern Countries: An alternative remedy to modern medicine against Candida spp infection","volume":"2021","author":"Alam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"R7-20250627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0157188","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157188","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of lichochalcone-A against Candida albicans biofilms","volume":"11","author":"Seleem","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R8-20250627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.118358","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts on Candida albicans: An in vitro study","volume":"24","author":"Doddanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Res"},{"key":"R9-20250627","first-page":"126","article-title":"Novel antifungal strategies against candidiasis: Insights from herbal biotechnology","volume":"28","author":"Bagwan","year":"2024","journal-title":"NATURALISTA CAMPANO"},{"key":"R10-20250627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e680","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-2358.2011.00544.x","article-title":"Comparison of therapeutic effect of aqueous extract of garlic and nystatin mouthwash in denture stomatitis","volume":"29","author":"Bakhshi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"R11-20250627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2008.00439.x","article-title":"Mixed Candida albicans and Candida glabrata populations associated with the pathogenesis of denture stomatitis","volume":"23","author":"Coco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"R12-20250627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V37N11p957","article-title":"Standard setting in student assessment: Is a defensible method yet to come?","volume":"37","author":"Barman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singap"},{"key":"R13-20250627","first-page":"187","article-title":"Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Cochrane Book Series","author":"Higgins","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Cochrane Library"},{"key":"R14-20250627","first-page":"60","article-title":"Comparison of antifungal efficacy of Zataria multiflora and nystatin for treatment of denture stomatitis: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"22","author":"Gonoudi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dent (Shiraz)"},{"key":"R15-20250627","first-page":"17","article-title":"Is ginger (Zingiber officinale) mouthwash a convenient therapeutic for denture stomatitis","volume":"3","author":"Eslami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Biosci Clin Med"},{"key":"R16-20250627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.17795\/ajdr-22908","article-title":"Comparing the effect of green tea extract with nystatin in the treatment of denture stomatitis","volume":"7","author":"Najafi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Avicenna J Dent Res"},{"key":"R17-20250627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12039","article-title":"Ricinus communis treatment of denture stomatitis in institutionalised elderly","volume":"40","author":"Pinelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"R18-20250627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2014.03.017","article-title":"Evaluation of different treatment methods against denture stomatitis: A randomized clinical study","volume":"118","author":"Tay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol"},{"key":"R19-20250627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1986","article-title":"Miconazole gel compared with Zataria multiflora Boiss","volume":"20","author":"Amanlou","year":"2006","journal-title":"gel in the treatment of denture stomatitis. Phytother Res"},{"key":"R20-20250627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0507.2003.00884.x","article-title":"Use of Punica granatum as an antifungal agent against candidosis associated with denture stomatitis","volume":"46","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"R21-20250627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.325128","article-title":"Efficacy of curcumin in the treatment of denture stomatitis: A randomized double-blind study","volume":"25","author":"Tatapudi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Pathol"},{"key":"R22-20250627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-11-119","article-title":"In vitro activities of natural products against oral Candida isolates from denture wearers","volume":"11","author":"Marcos-Arias","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"R23-20250627","first-page":"e65005","article-title":"Anti-adherence and anti-fungal abilities of thymol and carvacrol against Candida species isolated from patients with oral candidiasis in comparison with fluconazole and voriconazole","volume":"16","author":"Sharifzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod"},{"key":"R24-20250627","first-page":"15","article-title":"Efficacy of Camellia sinensis extract against Candida species in patients with denture stomatitis","volume":"4","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Med Mycol"},{"key":"R25-20250627","first-page":"4045013","article-title":"In vitro effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum blume essential oil on Candida spp","volume":"2018","author":"Rangel","year":"2018","journal-title":"involved in oral infections. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"R26-20250627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12620","article-title":"New insights on the antibacterial efficacy of miconazole in vitro","volume":"60","author":"Nenoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"R27-20250627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13253","article-title":"Topical Chinese herbal compound in the treatment of oral candidiasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"R28-20250627","first-page":"1","article-title":"Potential of herbal medicine in Asia for oral candidiasis therapy: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Megawati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Appl Pharm"},{"key":"R29-20250627","first-page":"27","article-title":"Herbal versus synthetic drugs;beliefs and facts","volume":"4","author":"Karimi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nephropharmacol"},{"key":"R30-20250627","first-page":"137","article-title":"Chemical composition and anti-candida activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil on azoles resistant Candida albicans isolates from oral cavity of HIV+patients","volume":"12","author":"Ashrafi Tamai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Mycol Med"},{"key":"R31-20250627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173665","article-title":"Current herbal medicine as an alternative treatment in dentistry: In vitro, in vivo and clinical studies","volume":"889","author":"Moghadam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Dental Research Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/drj.drj_415_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:44:46Z","timestamp":1787067886000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/drj.drj_415_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/drj.drj_415_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["1735-3327","2008-0255"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1735-3327","type":"print"},{"value":"2008-0255","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-11","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-19","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}