{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:33:29Z","timestamp":1787070809905,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n The ethmoid roof separates the ethmoid cells from the anterior cranial fossa. From the medial side, the roof of the ethmoid is connected to the lateral lamella of the ethmoid plate, which is the thinnest bone at the base of the skull and is most vulnerable to damage during endoscopic surgeries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the height of the lateral lamella in patients with hypoplasia\/aplasia of the paranasal sinuses and deviation of the nasal septum using reconstructed multiplanar images by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n In this descriptive-analytical (cross-sectional) study, 192 CBCT images (89 males and 103 females) with an age range of 18 years and older were examined. These 192 participants included 58 cases of frontal sinus (FS) hypoplasia\/aplasia, 42 cases of maxillary sinus (MS) hypoplasia\/aplasia, 12 cases of sphenoid sinus (SS) hypoplasia\/aplasia, 40 cases of nasal septum deviation, and 40 cases as a control group. As Keros classification indicates, the depth of the olfactory fossa was estimated in three categories: type 1 (1\u20133 mm), type 2 (4\u20137 mm), and type 3 (8\u201316 mm). The height of the lateral lamella was measured in the coronal section in all images. The septum deviation angle was also measured in the coronal section. For statistical analysis, Shapiro\u2013Wilk, independent\n t<\/jats:italic>\n , nonparametric Mann\u2013Whitney, Pearson correlation, and Kruskal\u2013Wallis tests were done using the SPSS 22 software.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The most common type of olfactory fossa in all disorders and the control group was type II of the Keros classification. The highest average lateral lamella height was in the SS hypoplasia group (6.226 mm) and the lowest in the FS aplasia group (4.411 mm). The lateral lamella height in FS aplasia\/hypoplasia groups was significantly lower than the control group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.002 and\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.044). The average deviation angle of the nasal septum was 19.73\u00b0 \u00b15.35\u00b0 and no significant relationship was found between this angle and the height of lateral lamella (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.938). The height of the lateral lamella in the FS hypoplasia group was significantly higher in men than in women (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.019), but in other groups, there was no relationship between lateral lamella height and gender. Seventy-five percent of the participants of the nasal septum deviation group were type II of Keros classification and the remaining 25% were type I.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n The lateral lamella height in hypoplastic\/aplastic FSs is lower than normal, and this information is useful in preventing complications during endoscopic sinus surgery.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/drj.drj_50_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T01:06:55Z","timestamp":1732669615000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigating paranasal sinuses developmental disorders and septum deviation angle effects on olfactory fossa depth using cone-beam computed tomography"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Hoda","family":"Haerian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roshanak","family":"Ghaffari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabnam","family":"Azari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20241127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2016.08.009","article-title":"Imaging of paranasal sinuses and anterior skull base and relevant anatomic variations","volume":"55","author":"Iida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"key":"R2-20241127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949510410s01","article-title":"Paranasal sinuses: Anatomic terminology and nomenclature","volume":"167","author":"Stammberger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl"},{"key":"R3-20241127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199310000-00020","article-title":"High-risk areas in endoscopic sinus surgery and prevention of complications","volume":"103","author":"Ohnishi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"R4-20241127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1177\/014556139507401006","article-title":"Lateral lamella of the cribriform plate \u2013 An important high-risk area in endoscopic sinus surgery","volume":"74","author":"Ohnishi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"R5-20241127","first-page":"809","article-title":"On the practical value of differences in the level of the lamina cribrosa of the ethmoid","volume":"41","author":"Keros","year":"1962","journal-title":"Z Laryngol Rhinol Otol"},{"key":"R6-20241127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2010.08.018","article-title":"Volumetric study in the development of paranasal sinuses by CT imaging in Asian: A pilot study","volume":"74","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"R7-20241127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000006168","article-title":"Evaluation of the relationship between olfactory fossa measurements and nasal septum deviation for endoscopic sinus surgery","volume":"31","author":"Bayrak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"R8-20241127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989010300516","article-title":"Maxillary sinus hypoplasia: Classification and description of associated uncinate process hypoplasia","volume":"103","author":"Bolger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"R9-20241127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22532","article-title":"Brief communication: The size of the human frontal sinuses in adults presenting complete persistence of the metopic suture","volume":"154","author":"Guerram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"R10-20241127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1080\/028418501127347214","article-title":"CT characterization of developmental variations of the paranasal sinuses in cystic fibrosis","volume":"42","author":"Eggesb\u00f8","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"R11-20241127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2010.506653","article-title":"Analysis of the fossa olfactoria using cone beam tomography (CBT)","volume":"131","author":"G\u00fcldner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"R12-20241127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2008.06.027","article-title":"Medical malpractice and sinonasal disease","volume":"139","author":"Lydiatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"R13-20241127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27940","article-title":"Does paranasal sinus development affect olfactory fossa depth and lateral lamella length?","volume":"129","author":"Kayabasi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"R14-20241127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000003263","article-title":"Frontal sinus pneumatization affects height of the lateral lamella and position of anterior ethmoidal artery","volume":"28","author":"\u00c7omo\u011flu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"R15-20241127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.2500\/ajr.2007.21.3072","article-title":"Radiological correlation between pneumatization of frontal sinus and height of fovea ethmoidalis","volume":"21","author":"Gumus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol"},{"key":"R16-20241127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02630727","article-title":"Transformation of the shape of the ethmoid bone during the course of life","volume":"254","author":"Krmpoti\u0107-Nemani\u0107","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"R17-20241127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000002220","article-title":"Does the degree of septal deviation affect cribriform plate dimensions and middle turbinate length?","volume":"27","author":"Damar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"R18-20241127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000005848","article-title":"Olfactory fossa and new angle measurements: Lateral lamella-cribriform plate angle","volume":"30","author":"Asal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"R19-20241127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-013-2661-3","article-title":"Is there a relationship between cribriform plate dimensions and septal deviation angle?","volume":"271","author":"Saylisoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"}],"container-title":["Dental Research Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/drj.drj_50_23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:36:57Z","timestamp":1787067417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/drj.drj_50_23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/drj.drj_50_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["1735-3327","2008-0255"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1735-3327","type":"print"},{"value":"2008-0255","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-01-22","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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