{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:30:33Z","timestamp":1790875833952,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":730,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>\nObjective: To evaluate the prevalence of halitosis and the factors associated with it among dental students and interns in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was chosen, and a sample of dental students and interns was collected from seven dental colleges in Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 833 participants were approached in person as convenient sample population. A self-reported questionnaire was administered and informed consent was obtained. The associations between oral malodor and different variables of the study were explored using analytical statistics (Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis). Statistical significance was determined using a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Six hundred and fifteen participants (aged 19\u201327 years) completed the survey with a response rate of 73.8%. The prevalence of self-reported halitosis was 75.1%. More female (51.4%) than male students (23.7%) reported oral malodor, and most participants (61%) reported early morning halitosis. Thirteen percent of respondents had examination for oral malodor by a dentist and 37.6% treated the condition with self-medication. Binary logistic regression model showed that male gender (odds ratio [OR] =0.44, CI = 0.22\u20130.87), daily use of dental floss (OR = 0.28, CI = 0.13-0.58), and drinking tea with mint (OR = 0.44, CI = 0.22\u20130.89) were significantly associated with oral malodor. The participants with tongue coating had higher odds (OR = 2.75, CI = 1.13\u20136.69) of having oral malodor than those without tongue coating, and the association was statistically significant. Conclusions: The study identified high prevalence of oral malodor among dental students and interns. They should receive appropriate diagnosis and management of the condition from dentist. The regular use of dental floss and removal of tongue coating can significantly reduce halitosis.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ejd.ejd_142_17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,24]],"date-time":"2017-11-24T05:32:28Z","timestamp":1511501548000},"page":"480-485","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The prevalence of halitosis (oral malodor) and associated factors among dental students and interns, Lahore, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Ashraf","family":"Nazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, University of Dammam College of Dentistry, Dammam, KSA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Almas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, University of Dammam College of Dentistry, Dammam, KSA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Irfan","family":"Majeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, KSA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.219168-1","first-page":"72","volume-title":"The science of bad breath","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.219168-2","first-page":"292","volume-title":"Halitosis: Current concepts on etiology, diagnosis and management","author":"Kapoor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Dent","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1305-7456","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.219168-3","first-page":"44","volume-title":"Halitosis: A review of associated factors and therapeutic 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