{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T03:32:00Z","timestamp":1768879920223,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":710,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Objectives: The objective of this study was to report causes, management options, and complications of facial fractures among children. Materials and Methods: The groups were defined on the basis of age, gender, cause of injuries, location, and type of injuries. The treatment modalities ranged from no intervention, closed reduction alone or with open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics were generated by using SPSS software for the entire range of the variables under study. Results: Records of 240 pediatric patients were obtained and a total of 322 fractures were found among a study sample. Among these, one-thirds were due to road traffic accidents (RTAs) (37.26%) and fall injuries (36.64%), making them the leading causes of facial fractures. Mandibular fractures were the most common and they accounted for 46% (n = 148) of all fractures. The highest number of RTA (n = 27) was found in adolescents and fall injuries were more prevalent in preschool children (n = 34). Forty-two percent of the fractures (n = 101) were treated with close treatment using arch bars and splints, followed by ORIF (n = 68). The rest, 29.6% (n = 71), received conservative treatments. Postoperative complications were observed in 18.33% (n = 44) of cases, of which jaw deviation, growth disturbance, and trismus were more frequently encountered. Conclusion: Pediatric facial fractures if not managed properly can cause severe issues; therefore, injury prevention strategies should be strictly followed to reduce pediatric injuries in low socioeconomic countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ejd.ejd_370_17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,7]],"date-time":"2018-06-07T09:40:35Z","timestamp":1528364435000},"page":"247-252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A retrospective study of causes, management, and complications of pediatric facial fractures"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Ehsan","family":"Ul Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King Edward Medical University, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul Samad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.233870-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peden M. 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Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2008.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.01162.x"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.233870-2","first-page":"52","volume-title":"Children and adolescents deaths from trauma-related causes in a Brazilian city","author":"Fraga","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.233870-3","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","author":"Naghavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.233870-4","first-page":"370","volume-title":"Parental knowledge and attitudes regarding the emergency treatment of avulsed permanent teeth","author":"Ozer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Dent","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1305-7456","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.233870-5","first-page":"S1","volume-title":"The Pakistan National Emergency Department Surveillance Study (Pak-NEDS): Introducing a pilot surveillance","author":"Mir","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.233870-6","first-page":"237","volume-title":"Paediatric maxillofacial fractures: Their aetiological characters and fracture patterns","author":"Iida","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.233870-7","first-page":"1251","volume-title":"Pattern and treatment of facial trauma in pediatric and adolescent patients","author":"Mu\u00f1ante-C\u00e1rdenas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.233870-8","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Managing the pediatric facial fracture","author":"Cole","year":"2009","journal-title":"Craniomaxillofac Trauma 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Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.233870-17","first-page":"120","volume-title":"Ten years of mandibular fractures: An analysis of 2,137 cases","author":"Ellis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.233870-18","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Epidemiology study of facial injuries during a 13 month of trauma registry in Tehran","author":"Zargar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian J Med Sci","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0019-5359","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.233870-19","first-page":"723","volume-title":"An analysis of maxillofacial fractures: A 5-year survey of 157 patients","author":"Ortako\u011flu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mil Med"}],"container-title":["European Journal of 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