{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T20:38:12Z","timestamp":1786653492091,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic inflammatory skin diseases, like psoriasis, have a significant financial burden on patients. Developing countries could have a more severe impact due to low per capita income and low penetration of health insurance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim and Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the out-of-pocket (OOP) expenses of psoriasis patients and compare them between mild\u2013moderate cases and severe cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study involved psoriasis patients who were categorized into two groups based on the disease severity. The OOP expenses were calculated for the past four weeks. Inpatient versus outpatient management costs were also compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean monthly OOP expenditure on treatment was significantly higher for the severe disease group [\u20b97087 \u00b1 9021 ($85.45 \u00b1 108.77\/\u20ac78.09 \u00b1 99.40)] than for the mild\u2013moderate group [\u20b91871 \u00b1 2138 ($22.56 \u00b1 25.78\/\u20ac20.61 \u00b1 23.55) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001)]. In the severe disease group, OOP expenditure was notably higher than the mild\u2013moderate group, primarily for medicines [\u20b94622 \u00b1 7134 ($55.73 \u00b1 86.02\/\u20ac50.93 \u00b1 78.61) vs \u20b9657.7 \u00b1 534.9 ($7.93 \u00b1 6.45\/\u20ac7.24 \u00b1 5.89) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001)] and diagnostics [\u20b91235 \u00b1 1492 ($14.89 \u00b1 17.99\/\u20ac13.60 \u00b1 16.44) vs \u20b9479.8 \u00b1 335.0 ($5.78 \u00b1 4.04\/\u20ac5.28 \u00b1 3.69) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001)]. The healthcare expenses incurred by inpatients were significantly higher than those of outpatients in the categories of medicines, diagnostics, and dietary provisions. Furthermore, it was observed that 76% of patients with psoriasis in the severe illness category and 13% in the mild\u2013moderate group experienced catastrophic health expenditure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitations:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study underestimated costs by excluding comorbidities, productivity loss, indirect expenses, quality of life (QoL), private healthcare costs, and inflation adjustments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with severe psoriasis experienced higher OOP expenses and catastrophic health expenditure. Financial aid from health agencies and the government could reduce costs and improve their QoL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.idoj_172_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T17:00:15Z","timestamp":1776877215000},"page":"392-396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Out-of-Pocket Expenses in Patients with Psoriasis: A Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0263-8169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adhyatm","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 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