{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T07:43:23Z","timestamp":1792827803133,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections are increasingly recognized, particularly in tropical regions and are often found in immunocompetent individuals. These infections are emerging as significant health concerns, especially pulmonary NTM, which is reported more frequently and is known to be associated with hospital environments. While pulmonary NTM infections are on the rise, partly due to drug resistance and possible patient-to-patient transmission, there is no current evidence indicating an increase in cutaneous NTM infections. The clinical manifestations of NTM infections, except for well-known entities like Buruli ulcer and fish tank granuloma, are diverse and nonspecific, often mimicking other chronic infections. History of minor trauma at the site of infection can be misleading and may complicate the diagnosis of cutaneous NTM. Surgical-site and port-site NTM infections typically present with erythema, edema, and abscesses and are commonly caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria like\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. fortuitum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. chelonae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These infections may not respond to standard antibiotics, suggesting the need for NTM-specific treatment. Diagnostically, histopathology may not be conclusive, and standard staining techniques often lack sensitivity. Molecular methods offer better speciation and drug resistance profiling for pulmonary NTM but are expensive and not widely available for cutaneous forms. The high cost and limited availability of diagnostic tools necessitate an empirical treatment approach, which is also recommended by the INDEX-Tb guidelines for extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Empirical treatment regimens for NTM, such as combinations of clarithromycin, doxycycline, and cotrimoxazole or fluoroquinolones, have shown promise, but there is a lack of rigorous studies to establish standardized treatments. Monitoring for adverse effects and continued evaluation of the causative organism is essential during empirical treatment, allowing for adjustment if the initial regimen fails.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.idoj_838_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T03:00:32Z","timestamp":1728010832000},"page":"909-919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Cutaneous Atypical Mycobacterial Infections: A Brief Review"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nikhil","family":"Mehta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehul","family":"Tyagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ramam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binod K.","family":"Khaitan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1333569","article-title":"Diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections","volume":"34","author":"van Ingen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R2-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.06.029","article-title":"Increased incidence of cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacterial infection, 1980 to 2009:A population-based study","volume":"88","author":"Wentworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"R3-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254285","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/254285","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacteria isolation from clinical and environmental samples in Iran:Twenty years of surveillance","volume":"2015","author":"Velayati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"R4-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19355","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019355","article-title":"Cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in Thailand","volume":"99","author":"Chirasuthat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"R5-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16531","article-title":"Cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in Japan:Review of the Japanese literature","volume":"49","author":"Fujishima","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"R6-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_110_21","article-title":"Skin and soft-tissue infections due to rapidly growing mycobacteria:An overview","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"R7-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00069","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00069-18","article-title":"Cutaneous mycobacterial infections","volume":"32","author":"Franco-Paredes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R8-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_902_20","article-title":"Epidemiology, diagnosis &treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial diseases","volume":"152","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R9-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2019.12.003","article-title":"Can environmental determinants explain nontuberculous mycobacteria geographic incidence?","volume":"26","author":"Rocha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"key":"R10-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2002.3.3.145","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary diseases in immunocompetent patients","volume":"3","author":"Koh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"key":"R11-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200604-571ST","article-title":"An official ATS\/IDSA statement:Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases","volume":"175","author":"Griffith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R12-20251023","first-page":"100244","article-title":"Approach to the diagnosis and treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease","volume":"24","author":"Pennington","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"R13-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2023.100403","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of nontuberculous mycobacterial skin, soft tissue, and bone infections from a single center over a 10-year period","volume":"33","author":"Ford","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"R14-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000535","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00535-2020","article-title":"Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease:An official ATS\/ERS\/ESCMID\/IDSA clinical practice guideline","volume":"56","author":"Daley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"R15-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmyco.2016.06.008","article-title":"Prevalence and species spectrum of both pulmonary and extrapulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria isolates at a tertiary care center","volume":"5","author":"Umrao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"R16-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5479","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5479","article-title":"Epidemiology of and risk factors for extrapulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in Northeast Thailand","volume":"6","author":"Kham-Ngam","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"R17-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9110949","article-title":"Profiles of extrapulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria infections and predictors for species:A multicenter retrospective study","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"R18-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2023.05.013","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of extrapulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria infections in comparison with pulmonary infections:A single-center, retrospective study in Japan","volume":"29","author":"Omori","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"R19-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i10.864","article-title":"Port site infection in laparoscopic surgery:A review of its management","volume":"3","author":"Sasmal","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases WJCC"},{"key":"R20-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.31729\/jnma.3668","article-title":"Surgical site infections due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria","volume":"56","author":"Yadav","year":"2018","journal-title":"JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc"},{"key":"R21-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-018-0382-5","article-title":"Cutaneous infections due to nontuberculosis mycobacterium:Recognition and management","volume":"19","author":"Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"R22-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2012.01903.x","article-title":"Histopathological spectrum of cutaneous tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections","volume":"39","author":"Min","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"R23-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0560.2000.027003124.x","article-title":"Cutaneous infections due to nontuberculous mycobacteria:Histopathological review of 28 cases. Comparative study between lesions observed in immunosuppressed patients and normal hosts","volume":"27","author":"Bartralot","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"R24-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1997.18081891.x","article-title":"Iatrogenic Mycobacterium abscessus infection:Histopathology of 71 patients","volume":"137","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"R25-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.12903","article-title":"Clinical and histopathological features of cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacterial infection:A review of 13 cases","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"R26-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2010.03684.x","article-title":"Cutaneous non-tuberculous Mycobacterial infections:A clinical and histopathological study of 17 cases from Lebanon","volume":"25","author":"Abbas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol JEADV"},{"key":"R27-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e318196187a","article-title":"Cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacterial infection:A clinicopathological study of 7 cases","volume":"31","author":"Song","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"R28-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2021.04.005","article-title":"Non-tuberculous cutaneous mycobacterioses","volume":"96","author":"Nogueira","year":"2021","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"R29-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdvl.IJDVL_711_16","article-title":"Mycobacterium chelonae infection complicating traumatic and surgical wounds:A case series","volume":"84","author":"Jagadeesan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"R30-20251023","first-page":"DC05","article-title":"Surgical site infections due to rapidly growing mycobacteria in Puducherry, India","volume":"9","author":"Kannaiyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res JCDR"},{"key":"R31-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4103\/2212-5531.201901","article-title":"Port-site infections by nontuberculous mycobacterium:A retrospective clinico-microbiological study","volume":"6","author":"Ghosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriology"}],"container-title":["Indian Dermatology Online Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/idoj.idoj_838_23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:35:39Z","timestamp":1787067339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/idoj.idoj_838_23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/idoj.idoj_838_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["2229-5178","2249-5673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2229-5178","type":"print"},{"value":"2249-5673","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-08","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-12","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}