{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:24:56Z","timestamp":1787840696172,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) has emerged as a potential intervention for managing perioperative pain. However, their effectiveness remains unclear, as previous studies neither considered the effect of the route of administration nor differentiated the effect between smokers and non-smokers. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the effect of a perioperative transdermal nicotine patch on postoperative pain in both smokers and non-smokers compared with a placebo.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effects of transdermal nicotine and placebo on postoperative pain. Databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched. This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the PRISMA guidelines. The findings were evaluated using forest plots and expressed as relative risk (RR) or mean difference (MD) for primary and secondary outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twelve studies included in the analysis showed no significant difference in pain scores (NRS) at 24 h between the two groups, with an MD \u22120.24 [95% confidence interval (CI): \u22120.55, 0.07; P = 0.13] (I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 77%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.00001), and there was no significant difference in postoperative opioid consumption (morphine equivalent) MD \u22120.92 (95% CI: \u22125.04, 3.21;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.66) (I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 23%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.27). Similarly, the two groups had no significant differences in the time to first rescue analgesia, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), or patient satisfaction. However, the required information size was not achieved for the outcomes of postoperative opioid requirement, reduction in postoperative pain, PONV, and the time for rescue analgesia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The perioperative transdermal nicotine patch did not significantly reduce postoperative pain scores compared with placebo. There appears to be a significant reduction in smokers, but the evidence is inadequate to conclude this finding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.ija_1216_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T13:00:47Z","timestamp":1749646847000},"page":"664-674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of perioperative transdermal nicotine patch on postoperative pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0394-1853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bharat","family":"Yalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain Medicine, and Critical Care, AIIMS, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9243-9963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Puneet","family":"Khanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain Medicine, and Critical Care, AIIMS, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0497-9909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soumya","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, AIIMS, Kalyani, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4265-4398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepika","family":"Lal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain Medicine, and Critical Care, AIIMS, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9256-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ankita","family":"Maheshwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain Medicine, and Critical Care, AIIMS, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8778-9803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manish","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, AIIMS, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3169-6437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhavuk","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, AIIMS, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14966-5","article-title":"Anaesthesia, surgery, and challenges in postoperative recovery","volume":"362","author":"Kehlet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R2-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2017.0898","article-title":"Postoperative multimodal analgesia pain management with nonopioid analgesics and techniques: A review","volume":"152","author":"Wick","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"R3-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1H386","article-title":"Opioid-related adverse drug events in surgical hospitalisations: Impact on costs and length of stay","volume":"41","author":"Oderda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"R4-20260422","first-page":"k3210","article-title":"Opioid use after surgery: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"364","author":"Ladha","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R5-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094742","article-title":"Pharmacology of nicotine: Addiction, smoking-induced disease, and therapeutics","volume":"49","author":"Benowitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"R6-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)37303-3","article-title":"Antinociceptive effects of nicotine in mice: Involvement of supraspinal mechanisms","volume":"284","author":"Damaj","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"R7-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181ebdaf9","article-title":"Smoking and pain: Pathophysiology and clinical implications","volume":"113","author":"Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R8-20260422","first-page":"425","article-title":"Nicotine replacement therapy: An overview","volume":"10","author":"Wadgave","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Health Sci (Qassim)"},{"key":"R9-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182a8fa7b","article-title":"Nicotine for postoperative analgesia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"119","author":"Mishriky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R10-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-023-03475-7","article-title":"Analgesic potential of transdermal nicotine patch in surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials","volume":"79","author":"da Silva Barbirato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"R11-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R12-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R13-20260422","article-title":"GRADE handbook"},{"key":"R14-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-135","article-title":"Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and\/or interquartile range","volume":"14","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"R15-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280216669183","article-title":"Optimally estimating the sample mean from the sample size, median, mid-range, and\/or mid-quartile range","volume":"27","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"R16-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e31816ba3bb","article-title":"Transdermal nicotine patch failed to improve postoperative pain management","volume":"107","author":"Turan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R17-20260422","first-page":"1096","article-title":"Pre-emptive use of transdermal nicotine patch in lumber disc surgery: Its effects on intraoperative anaesthetic and analgesic requirements, haemodynamics and postoperative analgesia","volume":"3","author":"Ali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Analgesia Aust J Basic Appl Sci"},{"key":"R18-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e31816f2616","article-title":"Transdermal nicotine for analgesia after radical retropubic prostatectomy","volume":"107","author":"Habib","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R19-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16224","article-title":"Effect of perioperative high-dose transdermal nicotine patch on pain sensitivity among male abstinent tobacco smokers undergoing abdominal surgery: A randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"118","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"R20-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e318163204f","article-title":"Transdermal nicotine patch for postoperative pain management: A pilot dose-ranging study","volume":"107","author":"Hong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R21-20260422","first-page":"e1756","article-title":"Evaluation of nicotine patch in pain control of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy","volume":"45","author":"Martins Filho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Col Bras Cirdoi"},{"key":"R22-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2019.08.013","article-title":"Effectiveness of nicotine patch for the control of pain, oedema, and trismus following third molar surgery: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"49","author":"Landim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R23-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4103\/1687-9090.143268","article-title":"Transdermal nicotine patch as adjunctive analgesic modality to thoracic epidural analgesia for post-thoracotomy pain","volume":"8","author":"Nagy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Egypt J Cardiothorac Anesth"},{"key":"R24-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egja.2016.05.002","article-title":"Comparative study between transdermal nicotine and melatonin patches on postoperative pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Esmat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Egypt J Anaesth"},{"key":"R25-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181bd1612","article-title":"A transdermal nicotine patch is not effective for postoperative pain management in smokers: A pilot dose-ranging study","volume":"109","author":"Olson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R26-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.34172\/ahj.2023.1364","article-title":"The effect of nicotine patch on reducing nausea, vomiting, and pain following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Seyedsadeghi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addict Health"},{"key":"R27-20260422","first-page":"901.","article-title":"Efficacy of a transdermal nicotine patch in pain relief after arthroscopic shoulder surgery: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"100","author":"Malaithong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thailand"},{"key":"R28-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1935.02250230113009","article-title":"Visceral and referred pain","volume":"34","author":"Pollock","year":"1935","journal-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R29-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.056408","article-title":"Subtype-selective up-regulation by chronic nicotine of high-affinity nicotinic receptors in rat brain demonstrated by receptor autoradiography","volume":"307","author":"Nguyen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"R30-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.112649","article-title":"Genetic approaches identify differential roles for alpha4beta2* nicotinic receptors in acute models of antinociception in mice","volume":"321","author":"Damaj","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"R31-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.01.007","article-title":"Pharmacological effects of nonselective and subtype-selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists in animal models of persistent pain","volume":"149","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R32-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1038\/19756","article-title":"Reduced antinociception in mice lacking neuronal nicotinic receptor subunits","volume":"398","author":"Marubio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R33-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02246552","article-title":"Different methods of assessing nicotine-induced antinociception may engage different neural mechanisms","volume":"122","author":"Caggiula","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"R34-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17880","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608715103","article-title":"Molecular mechanism for analgesia involving specific antagonism of alpha9alpha10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors","volume":"103","author":"Vincler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R35-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.07.025","article-title":"Nicotinic receptor involvement in antinociception induced by exposure to cigarette smoke","volume":"389","author":"Simons","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"R36-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.027","article-title":"Central terminals of nociceptors are targets for nicotine suppression of inflammation","volume":"123","author":"Miao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"R37-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01339","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation","volume":"421","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R38-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3008-04.2005","article-title":"Nicotine-induced antinociception, rewarding effects, and physical dependence are decreased in mice lacking the preproenkephalin gene","volume":"25","author":"Berrendero","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R39-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13059","article-title":"Transdermal patches: History, development and pharmacology","volume":"172","author":"Pastore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"R40-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(00)00399-3","article-title":"A pharmacokinetic crossover study to compare the absorption characteristics of three transdermal nicotine patches","volume":"67","author":"Fant","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"R41-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1997.00566.x","article-title":"Sources of variability in nicotine and cotinine levels with use of nicotine nasal spray, transdermal nicotine, and cigarette smoking","volume":"43","author":"Benowitz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"R43-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199426020-00005","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic characterisation of transdermal delivery systems","volume":"26","author":"Berner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"R44-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.6.1.96","article-title":"Pain inhibition, nicotine, and gender","volume":"6","author":"Jamner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"R45-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01021.x","article-title":"Smoking and pain--a method of limits and sensory decision theory analysis","volume":"25","author":"Mueser","year":"1984","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol"},{"key":"R46-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.12.035","article-title":"Cigarette smoking, stress-induced analgesia and pain perception in men and women","volume":"114","author":"Girdler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R47-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(00)00017-8","article-title":"Sex-related hormonal influences on pain and analgesic responses","volume":"24","author":"Fillingim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"R48-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(02)00009-6","article-title":"Descending control of pain","volume":"66","author":"Millan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol. Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"R49-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001874","article-title":"Pain, nicotine, and tobacco smoking: Current state of the science","volume":"161","author":"LaRowe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R50-20260422","first-page":"CD013308","article-title":"Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation","volume":"6","author":"Lindson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"R51-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/70.2.135","article-title":"Logistic regression analysis of fixed patient factors for postoperative sickness: A model for risk assessment","volume":"70","author":"Palazzo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R52-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1998.tb05157.x","article-title":"A risk score to predict the probability of postoperative vomiting in adults","volume":"42","author":"Apfel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"R53-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200301000-00011","article-title":"Difference in risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting","volume":"98","author":"Stadler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R54-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aef269","article-title":"Why does smoking protect against PONV?","volume":"89","author":"Sweeney","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R55-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-200727080-00004","article-title":"Nicotine patch for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: A prospective randomised trial","volume":"27","author":"Ionescu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Drug Investig"},{"key":"R56-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2010.03844.x","article-title":"Transcutaneous nicotine does not prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"71","author":"Czarnetzki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"R57-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2020.109056","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 2e1 and its roles in disease","volume":"322","author":"Guengerich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"R59-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.10153","article-title":"The diversity of subunit composition in nAChRs: evolutionary origins, physiologic and pharmacologic consequences","volume":"53","author":"Le Nov\u00e8re","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurobiol"},{"key":"R60-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199704000-00016","article-title":"Alpha 4 beta 2 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system are inhibited by isoflurane and propofol, but alpha 7-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are unaffected","volume":"86","author":"Flood","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R61-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200301000-00023","article-title":"Volatile anesthetics reduce agonist affinity at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain","volume":"96","author":"Rada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R62-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200207000-00015","article-title":"Sensitivity of the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor to isoflurane may depend on receptor inactivation","volume":"95","author":"Flood","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Anaesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ija.ija_1216_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:27:19Z","timestamp":1787837239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ija.ija_1216_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ija.ija_1216_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-5049","0976-2817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-5049","type":"print"},{"value":"0976-2817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-21","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-18","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}