{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:29:00Z","timestamp":1787840940244,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"\n Background and Aims:<\/jats:title>\n The age-dependent decline in sevoflurane\u2019s minimum alveolar concentration is well established. However, the relationship between ageing and its hypnotic potency at the effect-site concentration (Ceff) remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of ageing on sevoflurane\u2019s hypnotic potency and induction kinetics during the wash-in period.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n This prospective observational study enroled 83 female patients stratified by age into four decades: 30\u201339, 40\u201349, 50\u201359, and 60\u201369 years. Anaesthesia was induced using 5% sevoflurane in a non-rebreathing manner. We continuously recorded bispectral index (BIS) values and end-tidal sevoflurane concentrations during the 4 min wash-in period, with Ceff values calculated through pharmacokinetic modelling. Subsequently, the end-tidal concentration was maintained at 1.5% for 20 min (10 min equilibration + 10 min stabilisation) at 2 L\/min to achieve a cerebral steady-state, and the final stabilised BIS value was calculated. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc correction or Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare continuous variables. Pearson\u2019s Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables, with the significant difference set at\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n During the wash-in period, the 60\u201369-year group exhibited a prolonged time from awakening to BIS 50 compared to younger cohorts (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05 or < 0.01). Ceff values exhibited progressively delayed kinetics with increasing age, but Ceff values of sevoflurane at BIS 50 were not different across the four age groups (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n > 0.05). At a steady state of 1.5% sevoflurane anaesthesia, the intergroup analysis revealed no significant variations in BIS values.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n The hypnotic potency of sevoflurane is preserved among female patients aged 30\u201369 years despite delayed induction kinetics in older individuals.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.ija_424_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T15:01:25Z","timestamp":1757084485000},"page":"1061-1068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of ageing on sevoflurane\u2019s hypnotic potency and induction kinetics during wash-in period: A prospective observational study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8216-249X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian-Yun","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5351-0227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ya-Jun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5500-8486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Mei","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9743-1039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong-Liang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Zhuhai People\u2019s Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006860","article-title":"Depth of anesthesia and nociception monitoring: Current state and vision for 2050","volume":"138","author":"Laferri\u00e8re-Langlois","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R2-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.09.036","article-title":"Age-dependent decrease in minimum alveolar concentration of inhaled anaesthetics: A systematic search of published studies and meta-regression analysis","volume":"124","author":"Cooter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R3-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2024.11.050","article-title":"Impact of age on the reliability of GE EntropyTM module indices for guidance of maintenance of anaesthesia in adult patients: A single-centre retrospective analysis","volume":"134","author":"Ebensperger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R4-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001576","article-title":"Age, minimum alveolar concentration and choice of depth of sedation monitor: Examining the paradox of age when using the Narcotrend monitor: A secondary analysis of an observational study","volume":"39","author":"Hight","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"R5-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.040","article-title":"Paradox of age: Older patients receive higher age-adjusted minimum alveolar concentration fractions of volatile anaesthetics yet display higher bispectral index values","volume":"123","author":"Ni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R6-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03556-y","article-title":"Negative drift of sedation depth in critically ill patients receiving constant minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane, sevoflurane, or desflurane: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Georgevici","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R7-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.06.064","article-title":"Variability of predicted propofol concentrations and measured sevoflurane concentrations during general anaesthesia: A single-centre retrospective cohort study","volume":"131","author":"Schnider","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R8-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182a46d4e","article-title":"Sevoflurane end-tidal to effect-site equilibration in women determined by response to laryngeal mask airway insertion","volume":"117","author":"Kennedy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R9-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e318181f013","article-title":"The influence of age on the dynamic relationship between end-tidal sevoflurane concentrations and bispectral index","volume":"107","author":"Cort\u00ednez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R10-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.joacp_153_23","article-title":"A study of the relationship between Bispectral index and age-adjusted minimum alveolar concentration during the maintenance phase of general anesthesia in elective surgery","volume":"40","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"R11-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.IJA_363_16","article-title":"Effect of nitrous oxide on bispectral index values at equi-minimum alveolar concentrations of sevoflurane and desflurane","volume":"61","author":"Mishra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"R12-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006079","article-title":"Comparison of antinociceptive properties between sevoflurane and desflurane using papillary dilation reflex under equivalent minimum alveolar concentration: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"135","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R13-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.10.027","article-title":"Prospective clinical validation of eleveld propofol pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model in general anaesthesia","volume":"126","author":"Vellinga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R14-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.15057","article-title":"BIS-guided titration of sevoflurane in pediatric patients undergoing elective surgery: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Templeton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"R15-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0257467","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257467","article-title":"The influence of neuromuscular blockade on phase lag entropy and bispectral index: A randomised, controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS 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Anaesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ija.ija_424_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:33:09Z","timestamp":1787837589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ija.ija_424_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ija.ija_424_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-5049","0976-2817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-5049","type":"print"},{"value":"0976-2817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-13","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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