{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T12:41:23Z","timestamp":1793104883166,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 6","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many pain syndromes such as chronic phantom limb pain (PLP) and stump pain (SP), involving nociceptive and neuropathic pain, develop after amputation. Recent literature suggests that the use of regional blocks reduces repeated stimulation of transected nerve roots and thus prevents central sensitisation. This randomised, double-blind study was conducted to evaluate the effect of pre-emptive ultrasound-guided single-shot lateral sciatic nerve block on the occurrence of chronic pain at six months after traumatic below-knee amputation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty patients undergoing traumatic lower limb amputation under general anaesthesia were randomised into two groups: Group B received sciatic nerve block pre-emptively using ultrasound with 20 ml of 0.75% ropivacaine, whereas group C received 20 ml of normal saline. Follow-up of patients was done till six months post-amputation. The primary objective was to assess the occurrence of chronic pain at six months. Pain at 15 days and one month after surgery, post-operative morphine consumption and post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) were the secondary outcomes assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The occurrence of PLP at six months was comparable in the two groups, group B (46.7%) and C (66.7%). None of the patients developed SP at six months. Median intensities of phantom pain were 1.0 (range, 1\u20132.0) versus 1.0 (range, 1\u20132.0) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.36), and median intensities of SP 2 (range, 2\u20133.0) versus 3 (range, 2\u20133.0) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.39) at 1 month.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pre-emptive sciatic nerve block did not decrease the occurrence or severity of chronic pain after traumatic below-knee amputation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.ija_796_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T06:53:57Z","timestamp":1665471237000},"page":"S300-S306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effect of perioperative sciatic nerve block on chronic pain in patients undergoing below-knee amputation: A randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Jeetinder Kaur","family":"Makkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector-12, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjishnujit","family":"Bandyopadhay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector-12, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kajal","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector-12, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anudeep","family":"Jafra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector-12, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirmal R.","family":"Gopinathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector-12, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preetmohinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(97)00061-4","article-title":"The influence of preamputation pain on postamputation stump and phantom pain","volume":"72","author":"Nikolajsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B2-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200611000-00023","article-title":"A randomised study of the effects of gabapentin on postamputation pain","volume":"105","author":"Nikolajsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B3-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(81)90270-6","article-title":"Microelectrode recordings from transected nerves in amputees with phantom limb pain","volume":"27","author":"Nystrom","year":"1981","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(02)00538-9","article-title":"Phantom pain and risk factors:A multivariate analysis","volume":"24","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"B5-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199103000-00004","article-title":"Continuous post-operative regional analgesia by nerve sheath block for amputation surgery\u2014A pilot study","volume":"72","author":"Fisher","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"B6-20240902","first-page":"179","article-title":"Continuous regional analgesia by intraneural block:Effect on post-operative opioid requirements and phantom limb pain following amputation","volume":"31","author":"Elizaga","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"B7-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199610000-00007","article-title":"Continuous post-operative infusion of a regional anesthetic after an amputation of the lower extremity","volume":"78","author":"Pinzur","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"B8-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acpain.2006.07.001","article-title":"Evaluating the analgesic effect of the perioperative perineural infiltration of bupivacaine and clonidine at the site of injury following lower extremity amputation","volume":"8","author":"Reuben","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acute Pain"},{"key":"B10-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-6576.2000.440420.x","article-title":"Assessment of post-operative nausea using a visual analogue scale","volume":"44","author":"Boogaerts","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"B11-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(75)90044-5","article-title":"The McGill pain questionnaire:Major properties and scoring methods","volume":"1","author":"Melzack","year":"1975","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B12-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.03.031","article-title":"Phantom pain, residual limb pain, and back pain in amputees:Results of a national survey","volume":"86","author":"Ephraim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B13-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2018-100109","article-title":"Percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation for the treatment of chronic neuropathic post amputation pain:A multicenter, randomised, placebo- controlled trial","volume":"44","author":"Glimore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"B14-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc071927","article-title":"Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain","volume":"357","author":"Chan","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B15-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00304-8","article-title":"Is acupuncture effective for the treatment of chronic pain? A systematic review","volume":"86","author":"Ezzo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B16-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131.e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2015.10.015","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation therapy for the treatment of concomitant phantom limb pain and critical limb ischemia","volume":"32","author":"De Caridi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Surg"},{"key":"B17-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2005.05.0082","article-title":"Efficacy of gabapentin in treating chronic phantom limb and residual limb pain","volume":"42","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"B18-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000096002.53818.BD","article-title":"A placebo-controlled randomised crossover trial of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonist, memantine, in patients with chronic phantom limb pain","volume":"98","author":"Wiech","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"B19-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.IJA_296_19","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided popliteal sciatic and adductor canal block for below-knee surgeries in high-risk patients","volume":"63","author":"Arjun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"B20-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.IJA_908_20","article-title":"Pulsed radiofrequency ablation of stellate ganglion for chronic facial pain","volume":"64","author":"Gowler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"B21-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/13546800244000111","article-title":"Phantom limbs:The body in mind","volume":"7","author":"Halligan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cogn Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"B22-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31820fc7d2","article-title":"Optimized perioperative analgesia reduces chronic phantom limb pain intensity, prevalence, and frequency:A prospective, randomised, clinical trial","volume":"114","author":"Karanikolas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B23-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)06315-0","article-title":"Randomised trial of epidural bupivacaine and morphine in prevention of stump and phantom pain in lower-limb amputation","volume":"350","author":"Nikolajsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B24-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/00115550-200107000-00007","article-title":"Randomised prospective study comparing pre-operative epidural and intraoperative perineural analgesia for the prevention of post-operative stump and phantom limb pain following major amputation","volume":"26","author":"Lambert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"B25-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.06.012","article-title":"Central sensitization:A generator of pain hypersensitivity by cental neural plasticity","volume":"10","author":"Latremoliere","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"B26-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1991","article-title":"Phantom limb pain:A case of maladaptive CNS plasticity?","volume":"7","author":"Flor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B27-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.11.010","article-title":"Pain and the brain:Specificity and plasticity of the brain in clinical chronic pain","volume":"152","author":"Apkarian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B28-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199806000-00010","article-title":"A comparison of the posterior versus lateral approaches to the block of the sciatic nerve in the popliteal fossa","volume":"88","author":"Hadzic","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B29-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200602000-00024","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia:Current state of the art","volume":"104","author":"Gray","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Anaesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ija.ija_796_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:10:56Z","timestamp":1787757056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ija.ija_796_21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Suppl 6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ija.ija_796_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-5049","0976-2817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-5049","type":"print"},{"value":"0976-2817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-08-27","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-09","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}