{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:03:00Z","timestamp":1787169780761,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thyroid disorders are one of the commonest endocrine problems among pregnant women. It is often argued that it is not only overt, but subclinical thyroid dysfunction also has similar adverse effects on maternal and fetal outcomes. There is a huge deficiency of data from the Indian population to assess the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of thyroid disorders in pregnancy and their impact on obstetrical outcomes in the Indian population. The study also had the objective of finding a correlation between maternal and fetal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in hypothyroid pregnancies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Around 1055 pregnant women in the first and second trimesters were enrolled in the study. A detailed history was noted and general examinations were done. Apart from routine obstetrical investigations, TSH level estimation was done. If the TSH level was deranged, then free T4 (fT4) and free T3 (fT3) levels were also estimated. Furthermore, 50 hypothyroid and euthyroid pregnant women from the same cohort were followed till delivery. Their obstetrical and perinatal outcomes were noted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was 36.5% in this study, which was quite high in the population. Moreover, hypothyroid groups were prone to have pregnancy-induced hypertension (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.03), intrauterine growth restriction (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.05), and preterm delivery (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.04) as compared to control. Cesarean section rate for fetal distress was significantly higher among pregnant hypothyroid women (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.05). Neonatal respiratory distress and low appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration (APGAR) () scores were significantly more in the hyperthyroidism group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.04 and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02, respectively). Maternal TSH was significantly correlated with hemoglobin levels, HbA1c, and systolic blood pressure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant adverse effects on maternal and fetal outcomes were seen emphasizing the importance of routine antenatal thyroid screening.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_242_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T07:21:21Z","timestamp":1680852081000},"page":"285-290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prevalence and Complications of Subclinical and Overt Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy at North Indian Tertiary Care Center"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"48","author":[{"family":"Prabhat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anju","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok","family":"Ahirwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shailendra","family":"Dwivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rama S.","family":"Rath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, AIIMS Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.2014.57.6.507","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism diagnosed by thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test in infertile women with basal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels of 2.5 to 5.0 mIU\/L","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Sci"},{"key":"R2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181788dd7","article-title":"Maternal thyroid hypofunction and pregnancy outcome","volume":"112","author":"Cleary-Goldman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ogx.0000223331.51424.9b","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism and pregnancy","volume":"61","author":"Casey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"R4-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2009","article-title":"Universal screening versus case finding for detection and treatment of thyroid hormonal dysfunction during pregnancy","volume":"95","author":"Negro","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R5-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-009-1105-1","article-title":"Overt and subclinical thyroid dysfunction among Indian pregnant women and its effect on maternal and fetal outcome","volume":"281","author":"Sahu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"R6-20240828","first-page":"322","article-title":"Effects of maternal subclinical hypothyroidism on obstetrical outcomes during early pregnancy","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"R7-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.10.035","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of universal screening in pregnancy for subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"200","author":"Thung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R8-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endonu.2012.06.014","article-title":"Detection of thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women: Universal screening is justified","volume":"59","author":"Vila","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinol Nutr"},{"key":"R9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2884","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of universal and risk-based screening for autoimmune thyroid disease in pregnant women","volume":"97","author":"Dosiou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R10-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2010.488774","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy: Definition of TSH cut-off should precede the decision of screening in low-risk pregnant women","volume":"27","author":"Rosario","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol Off J Int Soc Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"R11-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1258\/0969141042467340","article-title":"The reference range and within-person variability of thyroid stimulating hormone during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Haddow","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Screen"},{"key":"R12-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0249","article-title":"Evaluation of maternal thyroid function during pregnancy: The importance of using gestational age-specific reference intervals","volume":"157","author":"Stricker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"R13-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1258\/0004563011900830","article-title":"Reference intervals for thyroid hormones in pregnant Chinese women","volume":"38","author":"Panesar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"R14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2011.0087","article-title":"Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum","volume":"21","author":"Stagnaro-Green","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"R15-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3694","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2149","article-title":"High prevalence of thyroid disorders in pregnant women in a mildly iodine-deficient country: A population-based study","volume":"98","author":"Moreno-Reyes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R16-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(01)00470-3","article-title":"Comparison of thyroid function in pregnant and non-pregnant Asian and western Caucasian women","volume":"308","author":"Price","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem"},{"key":"R17-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000185475.61612.ea","article-title":"Racial comparisons of thyroid function and autoimmunity during pregnancy and the postpartum period","volume":"106","author":"Walker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R18-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2013.829448","article-title":"Screening for thyroid dysfunction during the second trimester of pregnancy","volume":"29","author":"Qian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"R19-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2013.0261","article-title":"High prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among pregnant women in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"24","author":"Habimana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"R20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.179992","article-title":"Prevalence of hypothyroidism in pregnancy: An epidemiological study from 11 cities in 9 states of India","volume":"20","author":"Dhanwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R21-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5359.43122","article-title":"Prevalence of hypothyroidism in recurrent pregnancy loss in first trimester","volume":"62","author":"Rao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Med Sci"},{"key":"R22-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2038","article-title":"National status of testing for hypothyroidism during pregnancy and postpartum","volume":"97","author":"Blatt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R23-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.06.041","article-title":"What is a normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level?Effects of stricter TSH thresholds on pregnancy outcomes after in vitro fertilization","volume":"94","author":"Reh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"R24-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00201","article-title":"Maternal thyroid dysfunction and gestational anemia risk: Meta-analysis and new data","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"R25-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772917","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.772917","article-title":"Mild anemia may affect thyroid function in pregnant Chinese women during the first trimester","volume":"12","author":"Nie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"R26-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863286","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.863286","article-title":"Correlation between hypothyroidism during pregnancy and glucose and lipid metabolism in pregnant women and its influence on pregnancy outcome and fetal growth and development","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"R27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2016.02.004","article-title":"Relationship between hypothyroidism and the incidence of gestational diabetes: A meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R28-20240828","first-page":"168","article-title":"Thyroid hormones in pregnancy and preeclampsia","volume":"10","author":"Sardana","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_198_25","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000}}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Community Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_242_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:13:11Z","timestamp":1787166791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_242_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_242_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["0970-0218","1998-3581"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0970-0218","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3581","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-03-15","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-27","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}