{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T13:47:00Z","timestamp":1785764820848,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) serves as a critical instrument for regulating tobacco use globally. However, the effectiveness of its implementation varies considerably across nations, and understanding this variance is essential for public health progress. The Objective of the study was to identify an association between the \u201cHuman Development Index (HDI) Score 2020\u201d and \u201cWHO FCTC Implementation Score 2020\u201d of 167 countries. This study utilized an ecological study design. Aggregated data related to \u201cHDI Score 2020\u201d was taken from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report 2020, and the aggregate data related to \u201cWHO FCTC Implementation Score 2020\u201d was taken from \u201cThe Global Tobacco Control Progress Hub.\u201d It was analyzed using a simple linear regression model and a fitted line plot to visualize the data. A significant positive correlation was observed (Spearman\u2019s \u03c1 = 0.37, P &lt; 0.001). Kruskal\u2013Wallis testing confirmed significant differences across HDI groups (H = 28.15, P &lt; 0.0001). In adjusted regression analysis controlling for WHO region, FCTC implementation remained significantly associated with HDI (\u03b2 = 95.12, 95% CI: 62.40\u2013127.84, P &lt; 0.001; Adjusted R\u00b2 = 0.35). Consequently, countries that scored higher on the Human Development Index (HDI) typically also demonstrated better implementation of the WHO FCTC guidelines. To conclude, nations with greater levels of human development were generally more successful in enforcing tobacco control measures. This research thereby advocates for a multidisciplinary approach to tobacco control that considers the interconnected facets of human development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_484_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T18:00:22Z","timestamp":1784397622000},"page":"S569-S572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human Development as a Structural Determinant of WHO FCTC Implementation: A Cross-national Ecological Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Rohini","family":"Ruhil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University Noida, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab265","article-title":"Health effects of tobacco at the global, regional, and national levels: Results from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"R7-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab216","article-title":"Global implementation of tobacco demand reduction measures specified in framework convention on tobacco control","volume":"24","author":"Hiilamo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"R8-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13243","article-title":"Smokeless tobacco policy in Bangladesh: A stakeholder study of compatibility with the World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control","volume":"40","author":"Naznin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"R9-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.22547\/BER\/12.4.5","article-title":"Tobacco control laws of South Asian countries: A quantitative-comparative analysis of compliance with FCTC and their effects on smoking prevalence","volume":"12","author":"Shahzad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bus Econ Rev"},{"key":"R10-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2016-053007","article-title":"FCTC followed by accelerated implementation of tobacco advertising bans","volume":"26","author":"Hiilamo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"R11-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8912","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88194-8","article-title":"The association between tobacco control policy implementation and country-level socioeconomic factors in 31 European countries","volume":"11","author":"Feliu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R12-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5907.2008.00346.x","article-title":"The mechanisms of policy diffusion","volume":"52","author":"Shipan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Polit Sci"},{"key":"R14-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2016-053305","article-title":"Global economic cost of smoking-attributable diseases","volume":"27","author":"Goodchild","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"R15-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68975-7","article-title":"Social inequalities in male mortality, and in male mortality from smoking: Indirect estimation from national death rates in England and Wales, Poland, and North America","volume":"368","author":"Jha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Community Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_484_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T13:02:22Z","timestamp":1785762142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_484_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Suppl 3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_484_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0970-0218","1998-3581"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0970-0218","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3581","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-01","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-11","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}