{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:45:44Z","timestamp":1787071544781,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Substance abuse has become a global phenomenon and is prevalent all over the world in all cultures. Despite treatment, the prognosis of substance dependence is slimy, and recovery from substance dependence is very difficult. The plague of drug abuse in Punjab has shaken the entire society in the state. It is observed that in Punjab, \u201cdrug abuse\u201d is a raging epidemic, especially among the young. To study the sociodemographic profile of substance abusers and their associated factors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted after obtaining approval from the institutional ethical committee. A pre-validated proforma was used to collect the information regarding the socio-economic profile of substance abusers and the related factors after obtaining written and informed consent from the substance abusers. Using formulae 4\n pq<\/jats:italic>\n \/\n l<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n and design effect of 2 and a dropout rate of 15%, a sample size of 468 was calculated; however, 512 substance abusers were interviewed for 6 months from 31\n st<\/jats:sup>\n July 2022 to 31\n st<\/jats:sup>\n December 2022 at 2 Outpatient Opioid Assisted treatment (OOAT) centres in District Patiala.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n In the present study, 56.05% of substance abusers belonged to the 20\u201339 years of age group, with a mean age of initiation of 22.8 \u00b1 6.5 years. Males constituted 99.40% of the study population. Opioids (80.27%) were the most commonly abused substance. About 2\/3\n rd<\/jats:sup>\n of the substance Abusers (65.43%) were made to consume the illicit substance for the first time by their friends, followed by self (32.23%). The major source of motivation to visit the OOATs centre was self (44.14%), friends (39.06%), and family\/relatives (10.55%).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n In this study, it was observed that the majority of the substance abusers were males residing in the urban areas belonging to the Schedule Caste (SC) community living in nuclear families. A significant association was found between the type of family and the attempts made previously to quit the drug.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_533_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T14:00:33Z","timestamp":1762524033000},"page":"138-144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Epidemiological Study among Substance Abusers Visiting the Outpatient Opioid Assisted Treatment (OOAT) Centre Clinics in District Patiala"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Balpreet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simmi","family":"Oberoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanwerjit","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Nabha Medicare Hospital, Nabha, Patiala, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Paras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Kaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shalinder","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, 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chronic conflict area: Kashmir, India","volume":"20","author":"Rather","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malays J Med Sci"},{"key":"R12-20260416","first-page":"136","article-title":"Evaluation of socio-demographic profile of the drug abusers visiting drug deaddiction centre at Faridkot, Punjab","volume":"4","author":"Arora","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Adv Med Dent Sci Res"},{"key":"R13-20260416","first-page":"342","article-title":"Socio-demographic and clinical profile of substance abusers attending a regional psychiatric hospital in Sylhet, Bangladesh","volume":"8","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Addict Res Ther"},{"key":"R14-20260416","first-page":"a833","article-title":"Socio-demographic correlates of substance use disorder patients seeking de-addiction services in Kashmir India-A cross sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Bashir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Med Prac"},{"key":"R15-20260416","first-page":"141","article-title":"A cross sectional study into drug abuse among youth and its association with socio-demographic and risk factors in district Kangra of Himachal Pradesh, India","volume":"41","author":"Katoch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J Agric Ext Econ Sociol"},{"key":"R16-20260416","first-page":"242","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and practices amongst substance abusers regarding their efforts to curb substance indulgence in urban slums of Amritsar city","volume":"4","author":"Devgan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Basic Appl Med Res"},{"key":"R17-20260416","first-page":"193","article-title":"Socio demographic profile of substance user in de-addiction centre","volume":"5","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Forensic Community Med"},{"key":"R18-20260416","first-page":"VC21","article-title":"Socio-demographic and clinical profile of treatment-seeking drug abusers attending a hospital in South Kashmir: A cross-sectional hospital-based study","volume":"16","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin of Diagn Res"},{"key":"R19-20260416","first-page":"149","article-title":"Sociodemographic profile and pattern of drug abuse among adolescents of de-addiction centers","volume":"5","author":"Sawhney","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nurs Care"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Community 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