{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:27:48Z","timestamp":1787761668050,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most studies on long COVID-19 symptoms (LCSs) are conducted in urban areas or hospital. To date, relevant evidence in LCS from community-based rural studies is lacking. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate LCS and its determinants in a rural adult population of northern India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural district, Jhajjar, Haryana in 2023. Forty clusters were covered from one randomly selected subdistrict. A semistructured questionnaire on the SurveyMonkey platform consisted of questions related to sociodemographic profile, health problems, pre-existing morbidity, LCS, and functional difficulties. The data regarding infection with COVID-19 were collected based on self-reported positive testing for SARS-CoV-2 on RT-PCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Out of the 3700 enumerated, 2954 (79.8%) were surveyed. The self-reported infection rate was 6.2% (183\/2954, 95% CI: 5.3\u20137.1). Further, 23% (42\/183, 95% CI: 17.01-29.7) of infected cases have LCS, whereas 1.4% (42\/2954) of the study population have LCS. The prevalence of LCS was higher in females than in males (28.7% vs 17.7%). Weakness (14, 33.4%), weight loss (6,14.3%), memory problems (6, 14.3%), and headache (4, 9.5%) were common reported LCSs. Univariable analysis revealed a significantly lower risk of LCS in the age group of 26-35 years (OR 0.32, 95% CI: 0.10-0.83,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.019). In contrast, higher risk was observed with lower education (OR 4.46, 95% CI: 1.47-13.78,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.003), and pre-existing morbidities such as seeing difficulty (OR 2.91, 95% CI: 1.09-7.58,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.021, difficulty in self-care (OR 3.72, 95% CI: 1.07-12.88,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.021), and communication difficulties (OR 5.28, 95% CI: (0.76-45.74,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.046).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A higher probability of LCS is found among females of older age, participants with lesser education, and pre-existing comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_645_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T11:00:18Z","timestamp":1763031618000},"page":"490-496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self-reported Long COVID and its Determinants in a Rural North Indian Adult Population: Lessons Learnt from the Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Suraj Singh","family":"Senjam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Opthalmology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garima","family":"Bansal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Opthalmology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souvik","family":"Manna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Employees\u2019 State Insurance Corporation Medical College & Hospital, Alwar, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yatan Pal Singh","family":"Balhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yashdeep","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Animesh","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, All India Institute Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neiwete","family":"Lomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.0757","article-title":"Coronavirus infections\u2014more than just the common cold","volume":"323","author":"Paules","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R2-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.48175\/IJARSCT-8842","article-title":"Post-acute coronavirus (COVID-19) syndrome","author":"Timewar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Adv Res Sci Commun 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