{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:59:52Z","timestamp":1789999192699,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Beedi workers in India, working in unorganized pockets with poor working conditions, suffer severe health impacts due to long-term exposure to the chemicals involved in beedi-making. Beedi rollers are piece-rated workers who undertake work from home. These workers lack occupational safety and protective mechanisms at home, and establishing accountability of the employers towards these workmen has also been challenging. Legislations like the Beedi and Cigar Workers (Condition of Employment) Act, 1966 (BCWA), and the Beedi Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1971 (BWWFA), have addressed various aspects of beedi workers\u2019 working conditions; however, they have failed to extend the protections relating to occupational health and safety to beedi workers working at home instead of industrial premises. The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code (OSHWC) of 2020, which is proposed to be implemented in India, also fails to address this issue. As laws dealing with the health and safety of beedi workers only apply to \u201cestablishments,\u201d the beedi manufacturing should be taken out of homes (through legislative amendment) to industrial premises, by declaring beedi-making as a hazardous process. Legislative amendments are needed to avoid engaging children in beedi rolling. Livelihood diversification needs to be prioritized to provide alternative employment to beedi workers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_729_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T17:02:36Z","timestamp":1789750956000},"page":"770-774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Extension of Occupational Safety and Health Measures for the Protection of Beedi Workers in India"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Rishika","family":"Khare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Law University Odisha, Cuttack, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohini","family":"Mahapatra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Law University Odisha, Cuttack, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tobacco Control, Vital Strategies, Inc., New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yogesh Pratap","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Law University Tripura, Agartala, Tripura, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab265","article-title":"Health effects of tobacco at the global, regional, and national levels: Results from the 2019 global burden of disease study","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"R3-20260921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012413","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-012413","article-title":"Occupational health hazards of bidi workers and their families in India: A scoping review","volume":"8","author":"Tyagi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"R4-20260921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572638","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.572638","article-title":"The Indian bidi industry: Trends in employment and wage differentials","volume":"8","author":"Arora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"R5-20260921","article-title":"Dark Shadows and Smokescreens: Unveiling the Bidi Industry\u2019s Tactics","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kolkata (West Bengal)"},{"key":"R8-20260921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40486284","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/203508","article-title":"Development of an extended full-time equivalent framework: A workforce metric for the beedi rolling industry in India","volume":"23","author":"Kundangar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"key":"R10-20260921","author":"Yeddandi"},{"key":"R11-20260921","article-title":"Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, \u00a7 2(f)(i)","year":"1966"},{"key":"R12-20260921","article-title":"Beedi Workers Welfare Fund Act, \u00a7\u00a7 2(b)(i) and 4","year":"1976"},{"key":"R13-20260921","article-title":"M\/s P.M. Patel and Sons v. Union of India, AIR 1987 SC447"},{"key":"R14-20260921","article-title":"Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, \u00a7\u00a7 2(i) and 2(n)","year":"1966"},{"key":"R15-20260921","article-title":"Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, \u00a7 8","year":"1966"},{"key":"R16-20260921","article-title":"Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, \u00a7 9","year":"1966"},{"key":"R17-20260921","article-title":"Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, \u00a7 10","year":"1966"},{"key":"R18-20260921","article-title":"Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, \u00a7 11","year":"1966"},{"key":"R19-20260921","article-title":"Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, \u00a7 12","year":"1966"},{"key":"R20-20260921","article-title":"Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, \u00a7 13","year":"1966"},{"key":"R21-20260921","article-title":"Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, \u00a7 14","year":"1966"},{"key":"R22-20260921","article-title":"Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, \u00a7 17","year":"1966"},{"key":"R23-20260921","article-title":"Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, \u00a7 18","year":"1966"},{"key":"R24-20260921","article-title":"Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, \u00a7 19","year":"1966"},{"key":"R25-20260921","article-title":"Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, \u00a7 20","year":"1966"},{"key":"R26-20260921","article-title":"Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, \u00a7 24","year":"1966"},{"key":"R27-20260921","article-title":"Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, \u00a7 38","year":"1966"},{"key":"R28-20260921","article-title":"Factories Act, \u00a7 40B","year":"1948"},{"key":"R29-20260921","article-title":"Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, \u00a7 77(ii). 2020-means a house in which persons engaged in the manufacture of beedi or cigar or both reside"},{"key":"R30-20260921","article-title":"Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, \u00a7 2(zc)","year":"2020"},{"key":"R31-20260921","article-title":"Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, \u00a7 76(1)","year":"2020"},{"key":"R32-20260921","article-title":"Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, \u00a7 76(3)","year":"2020"},{"key":"R33-20260921","article-title":"Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, Entry 34, The First Schedule","year":"2020"},{"key":"R34-20260921","article-title":"Evaluation Study on the Implementation of Minimum Wages Act, 1948 in Beedi Making Industry in Madhya Pradesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chandigarh"},{"key":"R35-20260921","article-title":"Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, \u00a7 22","year":"2016"},{"key":"R36-20260921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.4103\/crst.crst_34_25","article-title":"Health, economic, occupational effects and readiness for alternative livelihood among beedi rolling women in Tamil Nadu: A cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Subramani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Res Stat Treat"},{"key":"R39-20260921","article-title":"Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Policy Options and Recommendations: Articles 17 and 18","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Community Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_729_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:01:37Z","timestamp":1789995697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_729_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_729_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0970-0218","1998-3581"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0970-0218","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3581","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-22","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-21","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}