{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:32:40Z","timestamp":1787841160752,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Smokeless tobacco (SLT) is consumed by more than 300 million people worldwide. Studies show high use among Indian indigenous women who are also at high risk for oral cancers. Both human papillomavirus infection (HPV) and SLT have been associated with oral cancer, this study examined the presence of high-risk HPV in oral samples collected from tribal smokeless tobacco users in Mysuru, India. Between June and August 2019, 100 tribal females (50 SLT-users and 50 non-users) from rural Mysuru District, Karnataka, were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Following informed consent, demographic data and oral samples were collected and processed using a digene HC2 High-Risk HPV DNA test (Qiagen, USA). On average participants were 45.5 (SD: \u00b16.6) years. Chronic SLT users were mostly married (73%), Hindu (100%), illiterate (62%), and employed (90%). One woman was positive for high-risk HPV infection. Oral HPV infection was low in this sample and this is consistent with the literature from other low and middle-income countries. SLT use is high in this group so interventions to reduce tobacco use are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_757_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T03:11:13Z","timestamp":1694142673000},"page":"775-780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Oral Human Papillomavirus Infection among Smokeless Tobacco-using Tribal Women in Mysuru, India"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Kavitha","family":"Ravi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Institute of India, Mysuru, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanvi","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Institute of India, Mysuru, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anisa S.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Institute of India, Mysuru, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Pope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim Y.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiranmayee","family":"Muralidhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Institute of India, Mysuru, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Krupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Institute of India, Mysuru, India"},{"name":"Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda Y.","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sy","family":"Angela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Purnima","family":"Madhivanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Institute of India, Mysuru, India"},{"name":"Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek R.","family":"Nerurkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01677-9","article-title":"Global burden of disease due to smokeless tobacco consumption in adults:An updated analysis of data from 127 countries","volume":"18","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"R4-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/79.6.1281","article-title":"Toxic and carcinogenic agents in dry and moist snuff","volume":"79","author":"Hoffmann","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"R6-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_2023_17","article-title":"Relationship between type of smokeless tobacco and risk of cancer:A systematic review","volume":"148","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R7-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08691-x","article-title":"Association between smokeless tobacco use and oral cavity cancer risk in women compared with men:A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Mu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"R8-20260330","first-page":"198","article-title":"Prevalence and dependency of tobacco use in an indigenous population of Kerala, India","volume":"4","author":"Janakiram","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Oral Hyg Health"},{"key":"R9-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.12.4.e4","article-title":"Tobacco use in India:Prevalence and predictors of smoking and chewing in a national cross sectional household survey","volume":"12","author":"Rani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"R10-20260330","first-page":"303","article-title":"Pre-cancerous lesions in the oral and maxillofacial region:A literature review with special focus on etiopathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Irani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran J Pathol"},{"key":"R11-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5958\/j.0976-5506.4.2.015","article-title":"Prevalence and type of tobacco habits and tobacco related oral lesions among wayanad tribes, Kerala, India","volume":"4","author":"Deepa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health Res Dev"},{"key":"R12-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/111652","article-title":"Tobacco and oral squamous cell carcinoma:A review of carcinogenic pathways","volume":"17","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"key":"R13-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a003477","article-title":"Chapter 3:Cofactors in human papillomavirus carcinogenesis\u2014role of parity, oral contraceptives, and tobacco smoking","volume":"2003","author":"Castellsagu\u00e9","year":"2003","journal-title":"JNCI Monogr"},{"key":"R14-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2017.08.011","article-title":"Human papillomavirus infection in oral potentially malignant disorders and cancer","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"R15-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.13183","article-title":"Tobacco use and oral HPV-16 infection","volume":"312","author":"Fakhry","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R16-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1344_20","article-title":"Prevalence and dependency of tobacco use among tribal gypsies in Thoothukudi district-A cross sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Chellappa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"R17-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0172196","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172196","article-title":"Betel nut chewing, oral premalignant lesions, and the oral microbiome","volume":"12","author":"Hernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R18-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1155\/2005\/798710","article-title":"The laboratory diagnosis of genital human papillomavirus infections","volume":"16","author":"Coutl\u00e9e","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R19-20260330","first-page":"145","article-title":"Advances in HPV detection by Hybrid Capture\u00ae","volume":"12","author":"Lorincz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Papilloma Rep"},{"key":"R20-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2018.03.013","article-title":"Prevalence of current oral HPV infection among 100 betel nut chewers or cigarette smokers in Northern Taiwan","volume":"118","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"R21-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.101","article-title":"Prevalence of oral HPV infection in the United States, 2009-2010","volume":"307","author":"Gillison","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R22-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/111546","article-title":"Association between oral HPV prevalence and smoking in people without oral cancer","author":"Shigeishi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"key":"R23-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu116","article-title":"High-risk oral human papillomavirus load in the US population, national health and nutrition examination survey 2009\u20132010","volume":"210","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R24-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e022497","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022497","article-title":"Oral human papillomavirus infection in England and associated risk factors:A case\u2013control study","volume":"8","author":"Hearnden","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"R25-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7134-1","article-title":"HPV vaccination has not increased sexual activity or accelerated sexual debut in a college-aged cohort of men and women","volume":"19","author":"Brouwer","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R26-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.15406\/jcpcr.2019.10.00397","article-title":"The role of dental professionals in managing HPV infection and oral cancer","volume":"10","author":"Hakeem","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cancer Prev Curr Res"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Community Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_757_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:43:29Z","timestamp":1787838209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_757_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_757_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["0970-0218","1998-3581"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0970-0218","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3581","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-09-04","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-16","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}