{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:48:24Z","timestamp":1787071704593,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Integrated and Enhanced Surveillance and Epidemiology (IESE) framework is a key surveillance tool for monitoring the level and trends of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and related co-infections in the country.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This paper describes the level and trends of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in the country, along with the sero-prevalence of the related infections based on the various surveillance surveys and disease burden activities undertaken under the IESE framework.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV sentinel surveillance (HSS) monitors the prevalence of HIV, Syphilis, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C in eight population groups through periodic facility-based surveys. The collected data is then used in estimating the HIV burden using a globally used modeling tool. Here, we present the results from the latest round of HSS and HIV disease burden estimation to highlight epidemic status by location and population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2023, adult HIV prevalence was 0.20% nationally, with a 44% drop in annual new infections and a 79% drop in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related deaths since 2010. The incidence-prevalence ratio was 2.69, and the incidence-mortality ratio was 1.15 in 2023. The proportion of people living with HIV (PLHIV) aged 50+ among total PLHIV increased from 17% in 2000 to 37% in 2023. Two states and 29 districts had over 1% prevalence, with rising new infections in six states\/union territories: Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Punjab, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, and Assam. HIV prevalence ranged from 0.89% among migrants to 9.03% among people who inject drugs (PWID). Among HIV-positive individuals, syphilis sero-positivity was between 1% and 1.84%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The HIV\/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic in India remains low nationally, with new infections and AIDS-related deaths declining faster than global averages. However, certain states and key populations are experiencing a rising epidemic, potentially due to injecting drug use and casual heterosexual risk behavior. The high prevalence of co-infections necessitates integrated care to reduce morbidity and mortality among those infected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_877_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T15:00:19Z","timestamp":1762786819000},"page":"S436-S446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unraveling the Intricacies: Integrated and Enhanced Surveillance and Epidemiology for HIV, Syphilis, and Related Co-Infections Under the National AIDS and STD Control Programme in India"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National AIDS Control Organization, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subrata","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National AIDS Control Organization, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nidhi","family":"Priyam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National AIDS Control Organization, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lalit Singh","family":"Kharayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Deo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Himanshu K.","family":"Chaturvedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinmoyee","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National AIDS Control Organization, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251222","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pneumocystis pneumonia\u2014Los Angeles","volume":"30","year":"1981","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"R2-20251222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.10.045","article-title":"25 years after HIV discovery: Prospects for cure and vaccine","volume":"397","author":"Montagnier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"R3-20251222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6189183","article-title":"Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)","volume":"220","author":"Barr\u00e9-Sinoussi","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R4-20251222","first-page":"195","article-title":"A report of three cases of AIDS in Thailand","volume":"3","author":"Phanuphak","year":"1985","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"R5-20251222","first-page":"13","article-title":"ICMR\u2019s tryst with HIV epidemic in India: 1986-1991","volume":"136","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R6-20251222","first-page":"3","article-title":"Surveillance of HIV\/AIDS epidemic in India","volume":"28","author":"Lal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"key":"R7-20251222","article-title":"National Baseline High Risk Groups and Bridge Population BSS, India 2001: Female Sex Workers","journal-title":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India"},{"key":"R8-20251222","article-title":"National Behavioural Surveillance Survey: Female Sex Workers and their Clients 2006","journal-title":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India"},{"key":"R9-20251222","article-title":"National Integrated Biological and Behavioural Surveillance 2014-15: High Risk Groups","journal-title":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India"},{"key":"R11-20251222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1619_19","article-title":"Findings from the 2017 HIV estimation round and trend analysis of key indicators 2010-2017: evidence for prioritising HIV\/AIDS program in India","volume":"151","author":"Sahu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R16-20251222","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C (HIV Sentinel Surveillance Plus 2021, round 17): Report","year":"2023","journal-title":"National Centre for Disease Control"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"R18-20251222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i11","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2012-050640","article-title":"Updates to the spectrum\/estimation and projection package (EPP) model to estimate HIV trends for adults and children","volume":"88","author":"Stover","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"R19-20251222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25778","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25778","article-title":"Updates to the Spectrum\/AIM model for the UNAIDS 2020 HIV estimates","volume":"24","author":"Stover","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"R20-20251222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26578","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000026578","article-title":"District-level HIV estimates using the spectrum model in five states of India, 2017","volume":"100","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"R22-20251222","article-title":"Spectrum Manual: Spectrum System of Policy Models","year":"2023","journal-title":"Avenir Health"},{"key":"R23-20251222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002678","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002678","article-title":"Epidemiological metrics and benchmarks for a transition in the HIV epidemic","volume":"15","author":"Ghys","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"R25-20251222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70551-5","article-title":"Containing HIV\/AIDS in India: the unfinished agenda","volume":"6","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R27-20251222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301161","article-title":"Growing older with HIV\/AIDS: New public health challenges","volume":"103","author":"Cahill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"R28-20251222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.10.004","article-title":"HIV and aging","volume":"53","author":"Wing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R29-20251222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0270886","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270886","article-title":"Diversity in HIV epidemic transitions in India: An application of HIV epidemiological metrices and benchmarks","volume":"17","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R30-20251222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e361","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(16)30087-X","article-title":"Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980\u20132015: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Community Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_877_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:51:42Z","timestamp":1787068302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_877_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Suppl 3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_877_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0970-0218","1998-3581"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0970-0218","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3581","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-29","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-19","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}