{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:52:49Z","timestamp":1787064769492,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Indian J Dermatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.ijd_131_17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,30]],"date-time":"2018-08-30T02:29:14Z","timestamp":1535596154000},"page":"361","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Antifungal resistance in dermatology"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Varadraj","family":"Pai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajantha","family":"Ganavalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"NaveenNarayanshetty","family":"Kikkeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-1","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Overcoming antifungal resistance","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today Technol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-2","first-page":"1422","volume-title":"The magnitude of fungal diversity: The 1.5 million species estimate revisited","author":"Hawksworth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mycol Res"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-3","first-page":"240","volume-title":"The dermatophytes","author":"Weitzman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-4","unstructured":"Kapil A, editor. Ananthanarayan & Paniker's Textbook of Microbiology. 9th ed. Hyderabad: University Press Private Limited; 2013. p. 589-615."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-5","first-page":"369","volume-title":"Antifungal resistance mechanisms in dermatophytes","author":"Martinez-Rossi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-6","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Epidemiological trends in skin mycoses worldwide","author":"Havlickova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-7","first-page":"212","volume-title":"Antifungal drugs and resistance: Current concepts","author":"Nigam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Our Dermatol Online"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-8","first-page":"657","volume-title":"Dermatophytes: Host-pathogen interaction and antifungal resistance","author":"Peres","year":"2010","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-9","first-page":"758","volume-title":"In vitro antifungal drug susceptibilities of dermatophytes microconidia and arthroconidia","author":"Coelho","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-10","first-page":"259","volume-title":"Pathogenesis of dermatophytoses","author":"Tainwala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0019-5154","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-11","first-page":"905","volume-title":"Sulphite efflux pumps in Aspergillus fumigatus and dermatophytes","author":"L\u00e9chenne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-12","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Resistance of Candida species to antifungal agents: Molecular mechanisms and clinical consequences","author":"Sanglard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-13","first-page":"382","volume-title":"Clinical, cellular, and molecular factors that contribute to antifungal drug resistance","author":"White","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-14","first-page":"713687","volume-title":"Antifungal resistance and new strategies to control fungal infections","author":"Vandeputte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-15","first-page":"988","volume-title":"Trichophyton tonsurans infection resistant to griseofulvin.A case demonstrating clinical and in vitro resistance","author":"Michaelides","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-16","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Azole resistance in Candida albicans","author":"Ryley","year":"1984","journal-title":"Sabouraudia"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-17","first-page":"82","volume-title":"Clinical Trichophyton rubrum strain exhibiting primary resistance to terbinafine","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-18","first-page":"659","volume-title":"High prevalence of antifungal resistance in Candida spp.from patients with AIDS","author":"Law","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-19","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Azole resistance in dermatophytes: Prevalence and mechanism of action","author":"Ghannoum","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-20","first-page":"120","volume-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: Resistance to antifungal agents: Mechanisms and clinical impact","author":"Kanafani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-21","first-page":"84","volume-title":"Update on antifungal drug resistance","author":"Perlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Clin Microbiol Rep"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-22","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Mode of action of 5-fluorocytosine and mechanisms of resistance","author":"Polak","year":"1975","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-23","first-page":"719","volume-title":"In vitro characterization of Trichophyton rubrum and T.Mentagrophytes biofilms","author":"Costa-Orlandi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-24","first-page":"513","volume-title":"Aspergillosis due to voriconazole highly resistant Aspergillus fumigatus and recovery of genetically related resistant isolates from domiciles","author":"van","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antifungal Susceptibility Testing: Current role from the clinical laboratory perspective Brunella Posteraro, Riccardo Torelli, Elena De Carolis, Patrizia Posteraro and Maurizio Sanguinetti. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2014;6:e2014030.","DOI":"10.4084\/mjhid.2014.030"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-26","unstructured":"CLSI. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts. Approved Standard-CLSI Document M27-A3. 3rd ed. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2008."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-27","unstructured":"CLSI. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Filamentous Fungi. Approved Standard CLSI Document M38-A2. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2008."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-28","unstructured":"CLSI. Method for Antifungal Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing of Filamentous fungi. Approved Guideline. CLSI Document M51-P. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2010."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-29","unstructured":"NCCLS. Reference Method for Antifungal Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts. Approved Guideline. NCCLS Document M44-A. Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards; 2004."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fothergill AW. Antifungal susceptibility testing: Clinical laboratory and standards institute (CLSI) methods. In: Hall GS, editor. Interactions of Yeasts, Moulds, and Antifungal Agents: How to Detect Resistance. New York: Springer; 2012. p. 65-74.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-134-5_2"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-31","unstructured":"CLSI\/NCCLS. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Conidial Forming Filamentous Fungi. Approved Standard NCCLS M38-A. Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards; 2002."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-32","first-page":"145","volume-title":"In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of 5 antifungal agents against dermatophytic species by CLSI (M38-A) micro dilution method","author":"Indira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-33","first-page":"4817","volume-title":"Comparison of in vitro activities of 17 antifungal drugs against a panel of 20 dermatophytes by using a microdilution assay","author":"Favre","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-34","first-page":"341","volume-title":"Antifungal susceptibility testing of dermatophytes: Establishing a medium for inducing conidial growth and evaluation of susceptibility of clinical isolates","author":"Jessup","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-35","first-page":"537","volume-title":"In vitro activity of 10 antifungal agents against 320 dermatophyte strains using microdilution method in Tehran","author":"Adimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Res"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-36","first-page":"640","volume-title":"In vitro antifungal activities of luliconazole, a new topical imidazole","author":"Koga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-37","first-page":"982","volume-title":"Has antifungal susceptibility testing come of age?","author":"Rex","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-38","first-page":"674","volume-title":"Superficial fungal infections of the skin.Diagnosis and current treatment recommendations","author":"Rezabek","year":"1992","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-39","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Cutaneous fungal infections","author":"Clinard","year":"2015","journal-title":"US Pharm"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-40","first-page":"335","volume-title":"Updates on the epidemiology of dermatophyte infections","author":"Seebacher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-41","first-page":"202","volume-title":"Dermatology for the allergist","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-42","first-page":"308","volume-title":"Efficacy of topical antifungal drugs in different dermatomycoses: A systematic review with meta-analysis","author":"Rotta","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev Assoc Med Bras ("},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-43","first-page":"185","volume-title":"The boosted oral antifungal treatment for onychomycosis beyond the regular itraconazole pulse dosing regimen","author":"Pi\u00e9rard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-44","first-page":"659","volume-title":"Onychomycosis: Diagnosis and management","author":"Singal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0378-6323","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-45","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Toward more effective antifungal therapy: The prospects of combination therapy","author":"Kontoyiannis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-46","first-page":"141","volume-title":"Combination antifungal therapy: A strategy for the management of invasive fungal infections","author":"Carrillo-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Esp Quimioter"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-47","first-page":"485","volume-title":"Single-blind, randomized, prospective study of sequential itraconazole and terbinafine pulse compared with terbinafine pulse for the treatment of toenail onychomycosis","author":"Gupta","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-48","first-page":"343","volume-title":"Clinical pharmacology of systemic antifungal agents: A comprehensive review of agents in clinical use, current investigational compounds, and putative targets for antifungal drug development","author":"Groll","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv Pharmacol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-49","first-page":"854","volume-title":"Combinations of antifungal agents in therapy \u2013 What value are they?","author":"Cuenca-Estrella","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-50","first-page":"2373","volume-title":"Potent synergism of the combination of fluconazole and cyclosporine in Candida albicans","author":"Marchetti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-51","first-page":"3743","volume-title":"Targeting the calcineurin pathway enhances ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors against Trichophyton mentagrophytes in vitro and in a human skin infection model","author":"Onyewu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-52","first-page":"140","volume-title":"Susceptibility of clinically important dermatophytes against statins and different statin-antifungal combinations","author":"Nyilasi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-53","first-page":"207","volume-title":"Immunotherapy in patients with systemic mycoses: A promising adjunct","author":"Farmaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-54","first-page":"1048","volume-title":"Adjunctive immune therapy for fungal infections","author":"Casadevall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-55","first-page":"916","volume-title":"Fractional carbon-dioxide (CO2) laser-assisted topical therapy for the treatment of onychomycosis","author":"Bhatta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cross SA, Scott LJ. Micafungin: A review of its use in adults for the treatment of invasive and oesophageal candidiasis, and as prophylaxis against Candida infections. Drugs 2008;68:2225-55.","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200868150-00010"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-57","first-page":"1558","volume-title":"Isavuconazole: A New broad-spectrum triazole antifungal agent","author":"Miceli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-58","first-page":"3162","volume-title":"Rapamycin and less immunosuppressive analogs are toxic to Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans via FKBP12-dependent inhibition of TOR","author":"Cruz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-59","first-page":"e1002870","volume-title":"Antifungal drug discovery: Something old and something new","author":"Butts","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-60","first-page":"3256","volume-title":"Curcumin modulates efflux mediated by yeast ABC multidrug transporters and is synergistic with antifungals","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-61","first-page":"641","volume-title":"The pH signaling transcription factor PacC mediates the growth of Trichophyton rubrum on human nail in vitro","author":"Ferreira-Nozawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0019-5154.240093-62","first-page":"229","volume-title":"Genomics, molecular targets and the discovery of antifungal drugs","author":"Odds","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev Iberoam Micol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T18:36:12Z","timestamp":1786732572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijd.IJD_131_17"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}},"alternative-id":["240093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijd.ijd_131_17","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-5154"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-5154","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}}}