{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:32:48Z","timestamp":1787070768327,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Vitiligo is an acquired cutaneous disorder that affects about 0.5%\u20132% of the global population. It is characterised by depigmented macules due to the loss of melanocytes. This condition may significantly affect the psychosocial and emotional well-being of patients, cause diminished self-esteem, and lead to social ostracization. Traditional therapeutic options include topical treatments like corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors, as well as topical or systemic phototherapy. Systemic immunomodulators target immune and inflammatory pathways to halt depigmentation and bring about repigmentation. Recent insights into the pathogenesis of vitiligo indicate an interplay of genetic, autoimmune, and environmental factors, with oxidative stress and genetic predisposition playing a part as well. Novel treatment modalities targeting multiple molecular targets, such as the JAK-STAT pathway, melanocortin-1 receptor, and different immune checkpoints, aim to combat autoimmunity and enhance melanocyte function. These emerging therapies offer encouraging results, although literature on them is limited and efficacy varies among patients. The continuous advancement in treatment strategies, along with advances in genetic and pathophysiological research, underscores a dynamic and hopeful course for vitiligo management, which in turn can improve the quality of life of affected individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.ijd_158_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T04:00:10Z","timestamp":1750824010000},"page":"201-207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Recent Advances in Management of Vitiligo"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Kinnor","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Dermatology, Apollo Clinic Silchar, Silchar, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashmi","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, LHMC and Associated KSCH and SSK Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surabhi","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, LHMC and Associated KSCH and SSK Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1159\/000506103","article-title":"Vitiligo: A review","volume":"236","author":"Bergqvist","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"R2-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i3.221","article-title":"Highlights in pathogenesis of vitiligo","volume":"3","author":"Mohammed","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"R3-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13677","article-title":"The convergence theory for vitiligo: A reappraisal","volume":"28","author":"Kundu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"R4-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2023.2193329","article-title":"Treatment update for vitiligo based on autoimmune inhibition and melanocyte protection","volume":"27","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"},{"key":"R5-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12060936","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in vitiligo: An update on its pathogenesis and therapeutic implications","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"R6-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6732972","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6732972","article-title":"Occludin promotes adhesion of CD8+T cells and melanocytes in vitiligo via the HIF-1\u03b1 signaling pathway","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev 2022"},{"key":"R8-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20164012","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of topical tacrolimus monotherapy for repigmentation in vitiligo: A comprehensive literature review","volume":"91","author":"Sisti","year":"2016","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"R9-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1080\/09546630601028711","article-title":"Topical pimecrolimus: A new horizon for vitiligo treatment?","volume":"17","author":"\u015eendur","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Dermatol Treat"},{"key":"R10-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108789","article-title":"Vitamin D analogs combined with different types of phototherapy in the treatment of vitiligo: A systematic review of randomized trials and within-patient studies","volume":"109","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"R11-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3109\/09546634.2014.952610","article-title":"Treatment of vitiligo with NB-UVB: A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dermatol Treat"},{"key":"R12-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1999.00654.x","article-title":"PUVA treatment of vitiligo: A retrospective study of Turkish patients","volume":"38","author":"Sahin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"R13-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.14435","article-title":"Vitiligo: An update on systemic treatments","volume":"46","author":"Searle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"R14-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.16114","article-title":"Systemic therapies in vitiligo: A review","volume":"62","author":"Fatima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"R15-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamadermatol.386","article-title":"The efficacy of afamelanotide and narrowband UV-B phototherapy for repigmentation of vitiligo","volume":"149","author":"Grimes","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"R16-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.ijd_461_23","article-title":"Development of consensus recommendations on the management of vitiligo and the role of decapeptide in vitiligo by the Delphi Method","volume":"68","author":"Parsad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"R17-20250702","first-page":"e41418","article-title":"The safety and effectiveness of decapeptide in patients with vitiligo: A real-world study","volume":"15","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"R18-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790125","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.790125","article-title":"Janus Kinase inhibitors in the treatment of vitiligo: A review","volume":"12","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R19-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.13348","article-title":"Repigmentation of vitiligo with oral baricitinib","volume":"61","author":"Mumford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"R20-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7486","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12237486","article-title":"Updates on potential therapeutic approaches for vitiligo: Janus Kinase inhibitors and biologics","volume":"12","author":"Pala","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"R21-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14770","article-title":"Biologic and targeted therapeutics in vitiligo","volume":"22","author":"Karagaiah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"R22-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579022","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.579022","article-title":"Targeting the PD-1\/PD-L1 axis in human vitiligo","volume":"11","author":"Willemsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R23-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.17318","article-title":"Novel approaches to vitiligo treatment via modulation of mTOR and NF-\u03baB pathways in human skin melanocytes","volume":"13","author":"Wan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"R24-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaam7710","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aam7710","article-title":"Antibody blockade of IL-15 signaling has the potential to durably reverse vitiligo","volume":"10","author":"Richmond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"R25-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/TJD.TJD_38_19","article-title":"Statins role in vitiligo: A mini-review","volume":"14","author":"Al-Kuraishy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk J Dermatol"},{"key":"R26-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4454","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14814","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of turmeric topical cream in vitiligo: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"21","author":"Jalalmanesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"R27-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5640","article-title":"Effects of Turmeric () on skin health: A systematic review of the clinical evidence","volume":"30","author":"Vaughn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"R28-20250702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.19722","article-title":"Turmeric (curcumin): A widely used curry ingredient, can contribute to oxidative stress in Asian patients with acute vitiligo","volume":"72","author":"Schallreuter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijd.ijd_158_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:36:16Z","timestamp":1787067376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijd.ijd_158_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijd.ijd_158_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-5154","1998-3611"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-5154","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3611","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-01","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-01","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}