{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:23:28Z","timestamp":1787847808482,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immunotherapy for wart employs ability of immune system to recognize certain viral, bacterial, and fungal antigens in previously sensitized individual inducing Type IV delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (up-regulated Th1 cytokines IL-1, TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3; down-regulated Th2 cytokines IL-10), not only to injected antigen but also against wart virus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To evaluate and compare the pattern of production of Th1 cytokines (IL-1, TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3) and Th2 cytokines (IL-10) in patients receiving immunotherapy with purified-protein-derivative (PPD),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium w<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Mw), or mumps-measles-rubella (MMR) vaccine.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cohort study conducted on patients receiving immunotherapy with PPD, Mw, or MMR which was injected intradermally at baseline, repeated every 2 weeks for 6 doses?. Five-millilit?e?r blood was collected for evaluation of cytokines at baseline and 12 weeks of treatment. Blood was centrifuged to separate serum, stored at -80\u00b0C. Cytokines were measured by ELISA using a standard kit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nine participants in PPD group, 11 in Mw group, and 12 in MMR group completed the study. IL-1 was raised from baseline in all study arms and was significant in PPD group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.008). There was a predicted increase in IFN-\u03b3 in Mw and MMR groups but not in the PPD group. In the PPD group, IFN-\u03b3 was found to be down regulated. IL-10, a Th 2 cytokine was down regulated in all the groups at the study end from baseline, significantly so in the PPD group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.027) and MMR group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001). TNF-\u03b1, being a Th1 cytokine was down regulated in all groups instead of an increase. In PPD group, IL-10 was significantly low at study end in patients who had complete resolution of warts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitations:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longer follow-up could not be done due to logistic issues.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IL-1, TNF-\u03b1 upregulation and IL-10 downregulation confirm that cytokine milieu plays an important role in wart immunotherapy. TNF-\u03b1 has no contributory role. IL-10 can be used as a biomarker of complete response in PPD therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.ijd_206_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T02:42:00Z","timestamp":1612233720000},"page":"67-73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Changes in Cytokine Profile with Immunotherapy in Viral Warts using Purified Protein Derivative, Mumps Measles Rubella Vaccine, and Mycobacterium w Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Amrita","family":"Sil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayantan","family":"Dasgupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somodyuti","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrija","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arini","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nilay Kanti","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-10-20240829","first-page":"589","article-title":"Intralesional immunotherapy of wars with mumps, candida and trichophyton skin test 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