{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:39:25Z","timestamp":1787071165271,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The frequency of clinicoepidemiological variants of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) differs markedly throughout the world. The iatrogenic variant is mainly associated with the use of immunosuppressive therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to investigate the distribution of KS variants in our practice and elucidate the underlying causes of iatrogenic KS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consecutive KS patients seen in a single tertiary center were grouped according to the tumor variants and iatrogenic KS patients were evaluated about associated conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 137 patients, classic variant was the most frequent presentation (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 88), followed by iatrogenic (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 37) variant. Among the iatrogenic group, ten were transplant recipients. In 16 iatrogenic KS patients, systemic corticosteroid was used, in four for myasthenia gravis (MG) and in three for rheumatoid arthritis. In three patients, KS developed under topical corticosteroid (TC) treatment. Among iatrogenic KS patients, ten of them had a second primary neoplasm and one had congenital immunodeficiency syndrome.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study revealed one of the highest rates for iatrogenic KS (27%) reported in the literature. Besides well-known causes, relatively frequent association with MG was remarkable. Usage of different forms of TCs was the cause of KS in a few cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.ijd_217_18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]],"date-time":"2019-09-03T03:51:12Z","timestamp":1567482672000},"page":"392-399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The Spectrum of Underlying Causes of Iatrogenic Kaposi's Sarcoma in a Large Series: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Can","family":"Baykal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tugba","family":"Atci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nesimi","family":"Buyukbabani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armagan","family":"Kutlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2013.01.008","article-title":"Kaposi's sarcoma: Etiology and pathogenesis, inducing factors, causal associations, and treatments: Facts and controversies","volume":"31","author":"Ruocco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"R2-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2003.00670.x","article-title":"Kaposi's sarcoma: Aetiopathogenesis, histology and clinical features","volume":"17","author":"Buonaguro","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"R3-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2000.00022.x","article-title":"Epidemiological study of classic Kaposi's sarcoma: A retrospective review of 125 cases from Northern Israel","volume":"14","author":"Weissmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"R4-20250921","first-page":"503","article-title":"Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) in non-HIV associated forms of Kaposi's sarcoma from Turkey","volume":"31","author":"Senturk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"R5-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-010-0568-7","article-title":"Fifty-one Kaposi sarcoma patients","volume":"12","author":"Dogan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Transl Oncol"},{"key":"R6-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18397","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018397","article-title":"Non-AIDS associated Kaposi's sarcoma: Clinical features and treatment outcome","volume":"6","author":"Jakob","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R7-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962012000200005","article-title":"Kaposi's sarcoma: Clinical and pathological aspects in patients seen at the hospital Universit\u00e1rio Cassiano Ant\u00f4nio Moraes-Vit\u00f3ria-Esp\u00edrito Santo-Brazil","volume":"87","author":"Tiussi","year":"2012","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"R8-20250921","first-page":"116","article-title":"Kaposi's sarcoma: Epidemiological, clinical, anatomopathological and therapeutic features in 75 patients","volume":"90","author":"Zaraa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tunis Med"},{"key":"R9-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12349","article-title":"One hundred and five Kaposi sarcoma patients: A clinical study in Xinjiang, Northwest of China","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"R10-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.5306\/wjco.v4.i2.52","article-title":"Non-AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma: A single-institution experience","volume":"4","author":"Rescigno","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"R11-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e549","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12453","article-title":"Kaposi's sarcoma: A population-based cancer registry descriptive study of 57 consecutive cases diagnosed between 1977 and 2009","volume":"53","author":"Laresche","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"R12-20250921","first-page":"381","article-title":"Demographic and histopathologic study of Kaposi's sarcoma in a dermatology clinic in the years of 2006 to 2011","volume":"52","author":"Kamyab","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Med Iran"},{"key":"R13-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3109\/09546634.2015.1094177","article-title":"Factors affecting progression-free survival in non-HIV-related Kaposi sarcoma","volume":"27","author":"Sen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"key":"R14-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e704","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2224","article-title":"Classic Kaposi sarcoma in 3 unrelated Turkish children born to consanguineous kindreds","volume":"125","author":"Sahin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R15-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130592","article-title":"Inherited human O\u00d740 deficiency underlying classic Kaposi sarcoma of childhood","volume":"210","author":"Byun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R16-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22233","article-title":"Kaposi's sarcoma risk among transplant recipients in the United States (1993-2003)","volume":"119","author":"Mbulaiteye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"R17-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2004.00019.x","article-title":"Clinicopathological aspects of 18 Kaposi's sarcoma among 1055 Greek renal transplant recipients","volume":"28","author":"Zavos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Artif Organs"},{"key":"R18-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(20000201)88:3<500::AID-CNCR3>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Classic Kaposi sarcoma: Epidemiology and risk factors","volume":"88","author":"Iscovich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R19-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2004.12.034","article-title":"Kaposi's sarcoma in renal transplant patients: Predisposing factors and prognosis","volume":"37","author":"Berber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"R20-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.2001.0899","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence and correlates of HHV-8\/KSHV infection and Kaposi's sarcoma in renal and liver transplant recipients","volume":"43","author":"Andreoni","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"R21-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V89.5.1491","article-title":"Glucocorticoids induce Kaposi's sarcoma cell proliferation through the regulation of transforming growth factor-beta","volume":"89","author":"Cai","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R22-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19930901)72:5<1779::AID-CNCR2820720543>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"The appearance of Kaposi sarcoma during corticosteroid therapy","volume":"72","author":"Trattner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R23-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(93)70264-T","article-title":"Kaposi's sarcoma with visceral involvement after intraarticular and epidural injections of corticosteroids","volume":"29","author":"Trattner","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"R24-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2017.05.008","article-title":"Iatrogenic Kaposi's sarcoma: A Retrospective cohort study in an Italian tertiary care centre","volume":"29","author":"Brambilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)"},{"key":"R25-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-012-1201-z","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis developing in an HIV-negative patient with Kaposi's sarcoma","volume":"34","author":"Mantero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R26-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2005.01348.x","article-title":"Localized Kaposi's sarcoma in a patient with pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"20","author":"Avalos-Peralta","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"R27-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2008.03035.x","article-title":"Iatrogenic Kaposi's sarcoma in a patient with pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"34","author":"Serdaroglu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"R28-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2012.05708.x","article-title":"Skin tumors and skin infections in kidney transplant recipients vs. patients with pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"53","author":"Sharquie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"R29-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2012.1729","article-title":"Sarcoidosis associated with Kaposi's sarcoma: Description of four cases","volume":"22","author":"Salle de Chou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"R30-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1086\/338406","article-title":"Human herpesvirus 8 and sarcoidosis","volume":"34","author":"Fredricks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R31-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1086\/319603","article-title":"Discordant HHV8 detection in a young HIV-negative patient with Kaposi's sarcoma and sarcoidosis","volume":"32","author":"di Gennaro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R32-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2009.21.3.297","article-title":"Kaposi sarcoma after corticosteroid therapy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura","volume":"21","author":"Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol"},{"key":"R33-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.1.107","article-title":"Kaposi's sarcoma in an elderly patient with rheumatoid arthritis after intra-articular corticosteroids","volume":"41","author":"Burnet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"R34-20250921","first-page":"240","article-title":"Association of rheumatoid arthritis and Kaposi disease. Apropos of a case arising after intraarticular corticotherapy","volume":"60","author":"Azais","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rev Rhum Ed Fr"},{"key":"R35-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2013.2228","article-title":"A generalized Kaposi's sarcoma after chronic and extensive topical corticosteroid use","volume":"24","author":"Tyros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"R36-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annder.2013.04.078","article-title":"Kaposi's disease: An unusual side-effect of topical corticosteroids","volume":"140","author":"Boudhir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"R37-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1159\/000018010","article-title":"Kaposi's sarcoma in a patient with erythroblastopenia and thymoma: Reactivation after topical corticosteroids","volume":"197","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"R38-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4274\/turkderm.35336","article-title":"Classic Kaposi's sarcoma: The clinical, demographic and treatment characteristics of seventy-four patients","volume":"50","author":"Demirel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turkderm"},{"key":"R39-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.11124\/JBISRIR-2017-003393","article-title":"Long-term topical corticosteroid use and risk of skin cancer: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Ratib","year":"2018","journal-title":"JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep"},{"key":"R40-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19800315)45:6<1472::AID-CNCR2820450629>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Association of Kaposi's sarcoma with second primary malignancies: Possible etiopathogenic implications","volume":"45","author":"Safai","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R41-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19810301)47:5<963::AID-CNCR2820470524>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Kaposi's sarcoma: Relationship with hematologic, lymphoid, and thymic neoplasia","volume":"47","author":"Ulbright","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R42-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605265","article-title":"Cause-specific mortality in classic Kaposi's sarcoma: A population-based study in Italy (1995-2002)","volume":"101","author":"Ascoli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"R43-20250921","first-page":"12","article-title":"A case of coexistence of mycosis fungoides and Kaposi's sarcoma","volume":"42","author":"Kalamkarian","year":"1968","journal-title":"Vestn Dermatol Venerol"},{"key":"R44-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2007.08.004","article-title":"Mycosis fungoides","volume":"65","author":"Zinzani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"R45-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2003.11.012","article-title":"HHV-8-associated Kaposi sarcoma in a child with IFNgammaR1 deficiency","volume":"144","author":"Camcioglu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"R46-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310050633","article-title":"Herpes virus (KSHV) associated Kaposi sarcoma in a 3-year-old child with non-HIV-induced immunodeficiency","volume":"156","author":"Kusenbach","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"R47-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.86504","article-title":"A case of classic Kaposi sarcoma in a 11-year-old male","volume":"77","author":"Kalkan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"R49-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14659","article-title":"Immunosuppression-associated Kaposi sarcoma following stem cell transplantation","volume":"178","author":"Innes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"R50-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trre.2008.05.004","article-title":"Kaposi sarcoma in transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Lebb\u00e9","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transplant Rev"},{"key":"R51-20250921","first-page":"29","article-title":"Kaposi's sarcoma after kidney transplantation: A 21-years experience","volume":"7","author":"Raeisi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res"},{"key":"R52-20250921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001447","article-title":"Cancer and mTOR inhibitors in transplant recipients","volume":"101","author":"de Fijter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transplantation"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijd.IJD_217_18","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:42:26Z","timestamp":1787067746000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijd.IJD_217_18"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijd.ijd_217_18","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-5154","1998-3611"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-5154","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3611","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-05-01","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-10-01","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}