{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:36:52Z","timestamp":1787773012865,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vitiligo is an acquired depigmenting disorder characterized by the loss of functional melanocytes from the epidermis. Although the etiology of vitiligo is unknown, over the last few years, substantial data from clinical research have greatly supported the \"Autoimmune theory.\" Vitiligo has two major forms: progressive and stable. As cytokines are important mediators of immunity, the most important of them are IL-2, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to study the serum level of IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 in stable and progressive vitiligo and compared them to find a useful lab test to determine the form of vitiligo for diagnose and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 were done by the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 40 cases of stable and progressive vitiligo.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty patients had progressive vitiligo and 20 patients were stable vitiligo. In every group, there were seven male patients. Twenty-one patients had a positive family history of vitiligo and four patients had other autoimmune diseases. The average age and familial history between two groups and two genders were not meaningful. The mean serum TNF-\u03b1 level was significantly higher in progressive than stable vitiligo. No significant difference was observed in the serum levels of IL-2, IL-6 between stable and progressive vitiligo. The mean serum IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 had higher levels in male patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analysis of TNF-\u03b1 levels in every age or gender can show us the type of vitiligo, stable or progressive and we can choose the best form of treatment for patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.ijd_300_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T12:21:06Z","timestamp":1716985266000},"page":"366-370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Study of Serum Level of Interleukin-2, Interleukin-6, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha in Stable and Progressive Vitiligo Patients from Sina Hospital in Tabriz, Iran"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Ranjkesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahya Rahimi","family":"Partovi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Pashazadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-7-20240829","first-page":"162","article-title":"Hypoacusis in vitiligo","volume":"70","author":"Sharma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"R2-7-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(79)35413-6","article-title":"Ocular abnormalities occurring with vitiligo","volume":"86","author":"Albert","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R3-7-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(89)80327-5","article-title":"Audiologic disturbances in vitiligo","volume":"21","author":"Orecchia","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"R4-7-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1978.01640210075025","article-title":"Personal responses of patients to vitiligo: The importance of the patient-physician interaction","volume":"114","author":"Porter","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"R5-7-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(86)70160-6","article-title":"Psychosocial effect of vitiligo: A comparison of vitiligo patients with \"normal\" control subjects, with psoriasis patients, and with patients with other pigmentary disorders","volume":"15","author":"Porter","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"R6-7-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09091.x","article-title":"Willingness-to-pay and quality of life in patients with vitiligo","volume":"161","author":"Radtke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"R7-7-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/BJMMR\/2016\/23959","article-title":"Serum levels of \u0131nterleukin-2 and \u0131nterleukin-2 soluble receptor in patients with vitiligo","volume":"13","author":"Kasumagic-Halilovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJMMR"},{"key":"R8-7-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1159\/000106412","article-title":"Vitiligo","volume":"35","author":"Matz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Probl Dermatol"},{"key":"R9-7-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2003.00023.x","article-title":"Evidence for an autoimmune pathogenesis of vitiligo","volume":"16","author":"Ongenae","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res"},{"key":"R10-7-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711700209","article-title":"An immunohistological study of cutaneous lymphocytes in vitiligo","volume":"170","author":"Al Badri","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"R11-7-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780138","article-title":"Local immune response in skin of generalized vitiligo patients. 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