{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:32:09Z","timestamp":1787841129698,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is little evidence about the relationship between lipid indices and the severity of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) disease. In this cross-sectional study, we try to find out the exact relationship between three dietary lipid indices (PUFA\/SFA ratio and \u03c9-6\/\u03c9-3 index) and the severity of PV disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this hospital-based cross-sectional study, a total of 138 pemphigus vulgaris cases were studied, of which 108 had PDAI \u226415, and 30 had PDAI&gt;15. Dietary intakes were measured a valid 168-item FFQ. To calculate the lipid indices, the data received from diet were used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After adjusting for potential confounders, people with the highest \u03c9-6\/\u03c9-3 index had 32% lowest severity of PV disease compared to the people in the lowest category. However, this association was not significant in all models (OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.24\u20131.93,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 0.47). Moreover, people with the highest PUFA\/SFA index had 9% highest severity of PV disease compared to the people in the lowest category. However, this association was not significant in all models (OR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.34\u20133.51,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 0.88).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The evidence of our study shows that the relation between PUFA\/SFA ratio and \u03c9-6\/\u03c9-3 index is not significant. However, case\u2013control studies are needed to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.ijd_372_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T05:00:07Z","timestamp":1734066007000},"page":"63-74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Lipid Profile Scores Predict Severity of Pemphigus: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Fallah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anahita","family":"Najafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Ranjbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamran","family":"Balighi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autoimmune Bullous Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Daneshpazhooh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autoimmune Bullous Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soraiya","family":"Ebrahimpour-Koujan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2003.05665.x","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"149","author":"Harman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"R2-20250228","article-title":"The global incidence rate of pemphigus vulgaris: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"R3-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-9740.2006.03756.x","article-title":"Pemphigus vulgaris in Iran: Epidemiology and clinical profile","volume":"5","author":"Ali","year":"2006","journal-title":"Skinmed"},{"key":"R4-20250228","first-page":"1760","article-title":"Critical appraisal of different triggering pathways for the pathobiology of pemphigus vulgaris-A review","volume":"28","author":"Ramani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"R5-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2013.01.004","article-title":"Pemphigus: Etiology, pathogenesis, and inducing or triggering factors: Facts and controversies","volume":"31","author":"Ruocco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"R6-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1159\/000245685","article-title":"Diclofenac: A new trigger of pemphigus vulgaris?","volume":"195","author":"Matz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"R7-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.60540","article-title":"Diet in dermatology: Revisited","volume":"76","author":"Kaimal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"R8-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2012.04463.x","article-title":"Oxidative stress index may play a key role in patients with pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"27","author":"Yesilova","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"R9-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.21315\/mjms2020.27.2.7","article-title":"The evaluation of serum lipids profile in patients with pemphigus vulgaris: A case-control study","volume":"27","author":"Rezazadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malays J Med Sci"},{"key":"R10-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-020-1200-7","article-title":"Higher bodily adiposity, fat intake, and cholesterol serum levels are associated with higher disease activity in psoriatic arthritis patients: Is there a link among fat and skin and joint involvement?","volume":"19","author":"Leite","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"R11-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030741","article-title":"Omega-3 versus omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory skin diseases","volume":"21","author":"Bali\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R12-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623052","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.623052","article-title":"Omega 3 fatty acid and skin diseases","volume":"11","author":"Sawada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R13-20250228","first-page":"200","article-title":"An adjuvant capsule in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris: A novel hypothesis","volume":"3","author":"Jowkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Galen Med J"},{"key":"R14-20250228","article-title":"Relat\u00f3rios de Est\u00e1gio realizado na Farm\u00e1cia da Santa Casa da Miseric\u00f3rdia de Braga e no Hospital de Braga","author":"da Silva","year":"2015"},{"key":"R15-20250228","first-page":"17","article-title":"Omega. 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and ulcer healing","volume":"31","author":"Takada","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dokkyo J Med Sci"},{"key":"R16-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1998.59.07.859","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of omega-3 fatty acid-containing diets on the inflammatory stage of wound healing in dogs","volume":"59","author":"Mooney","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"R17-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2013.08.001","article-title":"Immune-mediated dermatoses","volume":"29","author":"Rosenkrantz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"R18-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132106","article-title":"Dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acid balance and cardiovascular health","volume":"24","author":"Wijendran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"R19-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.4103\/injr.injr_84_19","article-title":"The increased erythrocyte membrane n-6\/n-3 fatty acids ratio and inflammatory markers in patients with psoriasis","volume":"14","author":"Yaman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Rheumatol"},{"key":"R20-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-012-3708-8","article-title":"Decreased plasma cholesterol concentrations after PUFA-rich diets are not due to reduced cholesterol absorption\/synthesis","volume":"47","author":"Ramprasath","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"R21-20250228","article-title":"Studies of gene variants related to inflammation, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, and obesity: implications for a nutrigenetic approach","author":"Curti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Obes 2011"},{"key":"R22-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2012.12.002","article-title":"Is fatty acid intake a predictor of arterial stiffness and blood pressure in men? Evidence from the Caerphilly Prospective Study","volume":"23","author":"Livingstone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"R23-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1666","article-title":"Clinical significance of anti-desmoglein-1 and-3 circulating autoantibodies in pemphigus patients measured by area index and intensity score","volume":"94","author":"Patsatsi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"R24-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12649","article-title":"Grading criteria for disease severity by pemphigus disease area index","volume":"41","author":"Shimizu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"R26-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12744","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids in prevention of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"69","author":"Behl","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"R27-20250228","first-page":"1933","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase lipid metabolites regulate choroidal neovascularization in the eye: Contribution of the soluble epoxide hydrolase","volume":"58","author":"Connor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R28-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101089","article-title":"Serum \u03c9-6\/\u03c9-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio and diabetic retinopathy: A propensity score matching based case-control study in China","volume":"39","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"R29-20250228","first-page":"323","article-title":"Importance of a balanced omega 6\/omega 3 ratio for the maintenance of health. Nutritional recommendations","volume":"26","author":"Candela","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr Hosp"},{"key":"R30-20250228","article-title":"Nutritional aspects of cardiovascular disease","author":"Gro\u00dfbritannien","year":"1994","journal-title":"HM Stationery Office"},{"key":"R31-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051523","article-title":"The effects of polyunsaturated: Saturated fatty acids ratios and peroxidisability index values of dietary fats on serum lipid profiles and hepatic enzyme activities in rats","volume":"94","author":"Kang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"R32-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12081120","article-title":"Effects of dietary mixture enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids and probiotic on performance, biochemical response, breast meat fatty acids, and lipid indices in broiler chickens","volume":"12","author":"Gheorghe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"R33-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/03009742.2021.1923183","article-title":"Serum levels of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and their association with disease activity: A pilot study","volume":"51","author":"Gorczyca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"R34-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5754","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62715-3","article-title":"Systematic review of the epidemiology of acne vulgaris","volume":"10","author":"Heng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R35-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-02826-1","article-title":"Phase angle and Mediterranean diet in patients with acne: Two easy tools for assessing the clinical severity of disease","volume":"19","author":"Barrea","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"R36-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8030128","article-title":"An increase in the omega-6\/omega-3 fatty acid ratio increases the risk for obesity","volume":"8","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"R37-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2018.03.003","article-title":"The Omega-6: Omega-3 ratio: A critical appraisal and possible successor","volume":"132","author":"Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"R38-20250228","article-title":"Study on the Composition of Serum Free Fatty Acid in Psoriasis Vulgaris","author":"Fang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chinese J Dermatol"},{"key":"R39-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2007.02260.x","article-title":"The lipid profile in psoriasis: A controlled study","volume":"21","author":"Akhyani","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"R40-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04579.x","article-title":"Statins in dermatology","volume":"49","author":"Jowkar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"R41-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.03.1522","article-title":"High-fat diet exacerbates early psoriatic skin inflammation independent of obesity: Saturated fatty acids as key players","volume":"138","author":"Herbert","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"R42-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530314666140527143009","article-title":"The relationship between dietary lipids and serum visfatin and adiponectin levels in postmenopausal women","volume":"14","author":"Rahbar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"R43-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.014969","article-title":"Intake of fish oil during pregnancy and adiposity in 19-y-old offspring: Follow-up on a randomized controlled trial\u20134","volume":"94","author":"Rytter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R44-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5041301","article-title":"Alternative sources of omega-3 fats: Can we find a sustainable substitute for fish?","volume":"5","author":"Lenihan-Geels","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"R45-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12524","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M808204200","article-title":"Biphasic activation of p38MAPK suggests that apoptosis is a downstream event in pemphigus acantholysis","volume":"284","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R46-20250228","article-title":"p38 MAPK signaling in pemphigus: Implications for skin autoimmunity","author":"Mavropoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis 2013"},{"key":"R47-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23778","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M501365200","article-title":"Desmosome signaling: Inhibition of p38MAPK prevents pemphigus vulgaris IgG-induced cytoskeleton reorganization","volume":"280","author":"Berkowitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R48-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.153.4.823","article-title":"A central role for the armadillo protein plakoglobin in the autoimmune disease pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"153","author":"Caldelari","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"R49-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18947","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.27.18947","article-title":"Regulation of Hsp27 oligomerization, chaperone function, and protective activity against oxidative stress\/tumor necrosis factor ? by phosphorylation","volume":"274","author":"Rogalla","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R50-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594486","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.594486","article-title":"Complementary Chinese herbal medicine therapy improves survival in patients with pemphigus: A retrospective study from a Taiwan-based registry","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"R51-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2023.03.1661","article-title":"Desmoglein-specific B-cell- targeted single-cell analysis revealing unique gene regulation in patients with pemphigus","volume":"143","author":"Egami","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"R52-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700864","article-title":"Biphasic regulation of AP-1 subunits during human epidermal wound healing","volume":"127","author":"Neub","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"R53-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8831-5_5","article-title":"Modulation of inflammatory cytokines by omega-3 fatty acids","volume":"49","author":"Kang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"R54-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665112000067","article-title":"Long-chain fatty acids and inflammation","volume":"71","author":"Calder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"R55-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607103027003176","article-title":"Inhibition of activator protein-1 transcription factor activation by omega-3 fatty acid modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling kinases","volume":"27","author":"Babcock","year":"2003","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"R56-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000946","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2018-000946","article-title":"Importance of maintaining a low omega\u20136\/omega\u20133 ratio for reducing inflammation","volume":"5","author":"DiNicolantonio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"R57-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000137191.02577.86","article-title":"Oxidized omega-3 fatty acids inhibit NF-?B activation via a PPAR?-dependent pathway","volume":"24","author":"Mishra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"R58-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17020159","article-title":"p38 MAPK is activated but does not play a key role during apoptosis induction by saturated fatty acid in human pancreatic \u03b2-cells","volume":"17","author":"\u0160r\u00e1mek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R59-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2006.05.012","article-title":"Low cell cholesterol levels increase NF?B activity through a p38 MAPK-dependent mechanism","volume":"18","author":"Calleros","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"R60-20250228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.22707.x","article-title":"The effect of LXR activators on AP-1 proteins in keratinocytes","volume":"123","author":"Schmuth","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijd.ijd_372_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:43:34Z","timestamp":1787838214000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijd.ijd_372_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijd.ijd_372_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-5154","1998-3611"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-5154","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3611","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-01","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-01","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}