{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:23:34Z","timestamp":1787847814740,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a cutaneous sequel of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar and has become an entity of epidemiological significance by virtue of its ability to maintain the disease in circulation during inter-epidemic periods. PKDL has been identified as one of the epidemiological marker of \u201ckala-azar elimination programme.\u201d Data obtained in 2018 showed PKDL distribution primarily concentrated in 6 countries, which includes India, Sudan, south Sudan, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Nepal in decreasing order of case-burden. In India, PKDL cases are mainly found in 54 districts, of which 33 are in Bihar, 11 in West Bengal, 4 in Jharkhand, and 6 in Uttar Pradesh. In West Bengal the districts reporting cases of PKDL cases include Darjeeling, Uttar Dinajpur, Dakshin Dinajpur, Malda, and Murshidabad. The vulnerability on the young age is documented in various studies. The studies also highlights a male predominance of the disease but recent active surveillance suggested that macular form of PKDL shows female-predominance. It is recommended that along with passive case detection, active survey helps in early identification of cases, thus reducing disease transmission in the community. The\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Accelerated plan for Kala-azar elimination<\/jats:italic>\n                      in 2017 introduced by Government of India with the goal to eliminate Kala-azar as a public health problem, targets to reduceing annual incidence &lt;1\/10,000.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                      is the established causative agent, but others like\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. tropica<\/jats:italic>\n                      or\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      may occasionally lead to the disease, especially with HIV-co-infection. Dermal tropism of the parasite has been attributed to overexpression of parasite surface receptors (like gp 63, gp46). Various host factors are also identified to contribute to the development of the disease, including high pretreatment IL 10 and parasite level, inadequate dose and duration of treatment, malnutrition, immuno-suppression, decreased interferon-gamma receptor 1 gene, etc. PKDL is mostly concentrated in the plains below an altitude of 600 mts which is attributed to the environment conducive for the vector sand fly (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Phlebotumus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Risk factors are also linked to the habitat of the sand fly. Keeping these things in mind \u201cIntegrated vector control\u201d is adopted under\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">National vector borne disease control programme<\/jats:italic>\n                      as one of the strategies to bring down the disease burden.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.ijd_651_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T02:42:00Z","timestamp":1612233720000},"page":"12-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Epidemiology of Post-Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Pramit","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pritam","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surya Jyati","family":"Chaudhuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nilay Kanti","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-3-20240829","first-page":"125","article-title":"A new form of cutaneous leishmaniosis -Dermal Leishmanoid","volume":"57","author":"Brahmachari","year":"1922","journal-title":"Ind Med Gaz"},{"key":"R2-3-20240829","first-page":"59","article-title":"Observation on dermal leishmanoid in Bihar","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"1968","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"R4-3-20240829","first-page":"11","article-title":"A Note on the Parasite of \u201cDermal Leishmanoid\u201d","volume":"62","author":"Das Gupta","year":"1927","journal-title":"Ind Med Gaz"},{"key":"R5-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(38)90073-2","article-title":"Preliminary notes on dermal leishmaniasis in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan","volume":"32","author":"Kirk","year":"1938","journal-title":"Trans Royal Society Tropical Med Hygiene"},{"key":"R6-3-20240829","first-page":"22","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL): The first case report from Nepal","volume":"34","author":"Karki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"R8-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00598.x","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in the Sudan: A literature review with emphasis on clinical aspects","volume":"5","author":"Osman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"R10-3-20240829","first-page":"341","article-title":"Ten years of kala-azar in west Bengal, Part I. Did post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis initiate the outbreak in 24-Parganas?","volume":"70","author":"Addy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"R11-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92244-C","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in the absence of active visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"336","author":"el-Hassan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R12-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90294-M","article-title":"Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in the Sudan: Clinical features, pathology and treatment","volume":"86","author":"el Hassan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R14-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.129143","article-title":"The lost hope of elimination of Kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) by 2010 and cyclic occurrence of its outbreak in India, blame falls on vector control practices or co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus or therapeutic modalities?","volume":"4","author":"Muniaraj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop Parasitol"},{"key":"R17-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90219-6","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in Sudan. Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"95","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R20-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1260-x","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis and leprosy: Case report and literature review?","volume":"15","author":"Trindade","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"R22-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.1998.tb02361.x","article-title":"A case of Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"25","author":"Ono","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"R24-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2018.1532790","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis elimination targets in India, strategies for preventing resurgence","volume":"16","author":"Sundar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"R25-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1284","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001284","article-title":"Incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic leishmania donovani infections in high-endemic foci in india and nepal: A prospective study","volume":"5","author":"Ostyn","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R26-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04011-7","article-title":"Report of the fifth post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis consortium meeting, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 14\u201316 May 2018","volume":"13","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"R27-3-20240829","first-page":"214","article-title":"Clinico-epidemiological profiles of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in Varanasi","volume":"21","author":"Rai","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"R28-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2012.03067.x","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) in visceral leishmaniasis- endemic communities in Bihar, India","volume":"17","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"R29-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007798","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007798","article-title":"Post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis and leprosy prevalence and distribution in the Muzaffarpur health and demographic surveillance site","volume":"13","author":"Hasker","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R32-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1086\/648727","article-title":"Increasing incidence of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in a population-based study in Bangladesh [published correction appears in Clin Infect Dis 2010 May 1;50:1329. Galive, Chowdhury Mohammad [corrected to Ghalib, Chowdhury Mohammad]","volume":"50","author":"Rahman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R33-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-196","article-title":"Report of the Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) consortium meeting, New Delhi, India, 27\u201329 June 2012","volume":"6","author":"Desjeux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"R34-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e832","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000832","article-title":"Enhanced case detection and improved diagnosis of PKDL in a Kala-azar-endemic area of Bangladesh","volume":"4","author":"Mondal","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R35-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1433","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001433","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in Nepal: A retrospective cohort study (2000-2010)","volume":"5","author":"Uranw","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R36-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1872","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001872","article-title":"Burden of visceral leishmaniasis in villages of eastern Gedaref State, Sudan: An exhaustive cross-sectional survey","volume":"6","author":"Mueller","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R37-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007249","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007249","article-title":"Active surveillance identified a neglected burden of macular cases of Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis in West Bengal","volume":"13","author":"Sengupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R38-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2000.03603.x","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in the Sudan: Clinical presentation and differential diagnosis","volume":"143","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"R40-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01647.x","article-title":"Serious underreporting of visceral leishmaniasis through passive case reporting in Bihar, India","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"R41-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005196","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005196","article-title":"Longitudinal study of transmission in households with visceral leishmaniasis, asymptomatic infections and pkdl in highly endemic villages in Bihar, India","volume":"10","author":"Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R43-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ftz057","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftz057","article-title":"Impact of sequelae of visceral leishmaniasis and their contribution to ongoing transmission of Leishmania donovani","volume":"77","author":"Duthie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"R44-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit102","article-title":"Increasing failure of miltefosine in the treatment of Kala-azar in Nepal and the potential role of parasite drug resistance, reinfection, or noncompliance","volume":"56","author":"Rijal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R45-3-20240829","first-page":"11","article-title":"A note on the parasite of \u201cdermal leishmanoid\u201d","volume":"62","author":"Das Gupta","year":"1927","journal-title":"Ind Med Gaz"},{"key":"R46-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00517-6","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"3","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R47-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90567-7","article-title":"Characterization of Leishmania isolated from patients with kala-azar and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in Bangladesh","volume":"89","author":"el-Masum","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R48-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001007867","article-title":"Sudan: The possible original focus of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"122","author":"Pratlong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"R49-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.08.018","article-title":"Upregulation of surface proteins in Leishmania donovani isolated from patients of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Salotra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"R50-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.06.001","article-title":"Involvement of the Leishmania donovani virulence factor A2 in protection against heat and oxidative stress","volume":"132","author":"McCall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"R51-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1202.050449d","article-title":"Congenital visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"12","author":"Boehme","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"R52-3-20240829","first-page":"433","article-title":"Possible congenital infection of kala-azar","volume":"24","author":"Banerji","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Indian Med Assoc"},{"key":"R54-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004896","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004896","article-title":"Transmission Dynamics of visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent-A systematic literature review","volume":"10","author":"Hirve","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R55-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275253","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/275253","article-title":"Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis: A paradigm of paradoxical immune reconstitution syndrome in Non-HIV\/AIDS patients?","volume":"2013","author":"Khalil","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"key":"R56-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0202.960213","article-title":"The reemergence of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil","volume":"2","author":"Arias","year":"1996","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"R57-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00468.x","article-title":"High levels of plasma IL-10 and expression of IL-10 by keratinocytes during visceral leishmaniasis predict subsequent development of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"111","author":"Gasim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"R58-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(99)00089-3","article-title":"High levels of C-reactive protein in the peripheral blood during visceral leishmaniasis predict subsequent development of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"75","author":"Gasim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"R59-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005877","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005877","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent: A threat to the South-East Asia Region Kala-azar Elimination Programme","volume":"11","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R60-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1721-0","article-title":"The immunology of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)","volume":"9","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"R61-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2000.03603.x","article-title":"Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in the Sudan: Clinical presentation and differential diagnosis","volume":"143","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"R62-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04011-7","article-title":"Report of the Fifth Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis Consortium Meeting, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 14\u201316 May 2018","volume":"13","author":"Zijlstr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"R63-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1997.11813210","article-title":"Use of PCR on lymph-node sample as test of cure of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"91","author":"Osman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"R64-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6364353","article-title":"IFNG and IFNGR1 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in Sudan","volume":"8","author":"Salih","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"key":"R65-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.02.010157.001223","article-title":"Transmission of disease agents by phlebotomine sand flies","volume":"2","author":"Adler","year":"1957","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"R67-3-20240829","first-page":"255","article-title":"Insect vectors of Leishmania: Distribution, physiology and their control","volume":"45","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"key":"R68-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/36.5.588","article-title":"Population ecology of Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) in West Bengal, India","volume":"36","author":"Ghosh","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"R69-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2016.1180775","article-title":"Implication of vector characteristics of Phlebotomus argentipes in the kala-azar elimination programme in the Indian sub-continent","volume":"110","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"R70-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8573","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1507782112","article-title":"DDT-based indoor residual spraying suboptimal for visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India","volume":"112","author":"Coleman","year":"2015","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"R71-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0200-3","article-title":"Insecticide resistance in phlebotomine sandflies in Southeast Asia with emphasis on the Indian subcontinent","volume":"5","author":"Dhiman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"R72-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005890","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005890","article-title":"Control of Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) sand fly in Bangladesh: A cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R73-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-46","article-title":"Insecticide resistance in the sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi from Khartoum State, Sudan","volume":"5","author":"Hassan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"R74-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.129143","article-title":"The lost hope of elimination of Kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) by 2010 and cyclic occurrence of its outbreak in India, blame falls on vector control practices or co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus or therapeutic modalities?","volume":"4","author":"Muniaraj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop Parasitol"},{"key":"R76-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_335_16","article-title":"Is elimination of kala-azar feasible by 2017?","volume":"144","author":"Thakur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R78-3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2018.1532790","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis elimination targets in India, strategies for preventing resurgence","volume":"16","author":"Sundar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijd.IJD_651_20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:39:24Z","timestamp":1787845164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijd.IJD_651_20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijd.ijd_651_20","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-5154"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-5154","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}}}