{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:42:14Z","timestamp":1786725734113,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Behaviour problems, poor academic performance and failure to thrive are some of the potential sequelae of sleep problems in children. Hence, there is a need to evaluate the prevalence of sleep problems and significant associations in children with skeletal class II malocclusion with mandibular retrognathism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to determine associations if any between sleep practices and problems and craniofacial characteristics in children with skeletal class II malocclusion with mandibular deficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Settings and Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted among a group of children with skeletal class II malocclusion with mandibular retrognathism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty children aged 8\u201314 years with skeletal class II with mandibular retrognathism and who required myofunctional therapy were selected. A validated sleep questionnaire assessed the sleep practices and problems. A detailed clinical examination including tonsils and evaluation for mouth breathing was performed. A lateral cephalogram recorded specific linear, angular variables as well as upper and lower pharyngeal airway space.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Statistical Analysis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Descriptive statistics, frequency, and percentages were calculated, and the Chi-square test was used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All children reported at least one sleep problem, with snoring reported by 76% of the children. Forty-two percent of the children showed a decreased upper airway, whereas 80% showed a decreased lower airway. Significant associations were seen between SN-MP and noisy breathing, upper airway, and snoring with a\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value of 0.017. We also found significant associations between upper and lower airway and sleep positions with a\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value of 0.021 and 0.005, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All the children exhibited at least one sleep problem. There was a strong association of certain sleep practices and sleep problems with cephalometric variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.ijdr_226_19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T01:36:51Z","timestamp":1646357811000},"page":"280-287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Association of Sleep Disturbances and Craniofacial Characteristics in Children with Class II 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