{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:36:19Z","timestamp":1786649779893,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"\n Context:<\/jats:title>\n \n A natural mouthwash with minimal side effects is essential for obviating the disadvantages of chemically based mouthwashes. Research has been carried out worldwide using herbal extracts from leaves, stems, seeds, fruits, etc., for various dental purposes. The present investigation attempted to highlight one such natural product\n Persea americana<\/jats:italic>\n (avocado) where the pulp of the avocado fruit has been used to synthesize mouthwash using an eco-friendly green method.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n \n The aim of the current study is to emphasize antimicrobial property in relation to\n Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n and cytotoxic properties of\n P. americana<\/jats:italic>\n -based mouthwash which could be used as a potent antimicrobial mouthwash in the near future.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of the synthesized\n P. americana<\/jats:italic>\n -based mouthwash were assessed using zone of inhibition and brine shrimp lethality assay, respectively, and the results were compared with the standard.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The prepared mouthwash was effective against\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n (14 mm at 100 \u00b5l) and\n S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n (statistically significant) (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05), and it is completely safe at 5 \u03bcl concentration.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n \n The study concluded that the prepared\n P. americana<\/jats:italic>\n -based mouthwash could act as an adjunctive antifungal remedy in future. Dose-based cytotoxic property of this mouthwash requires assessment of the safety levels prior to administering for therapeutic purposes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.ijdr_265_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T08:00:07Z","timestamp":1741420807000},"page":"449-453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity Against Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus and Cytotoxic Effect of the Mouthwash Prepared Using Persea americana and Clove - An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Dharini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gheena","family":"Sukumaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratibha","family":"Ramani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajeshkumar","family":"Shanmugam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karthikeyan","family":"Ramalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2216_20","article-title":"Chemical plaque control-A brief review","volume":"10","author":"Vyas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"issue":"Spec No A","key":"R2-20260423","first-page":"4A","article-title":"Mouthwashes: Rationale for use","volume":"28","author":"Ciancio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Dent"},{"key":"R3-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17341","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.17341","article-title":"Comparison of the antibacterial properties of three mouthwashes containing chlorhexidine against oral microbial plaques: An in vitro study","volume":"8","author":"Yousefimanesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Microbiol"},{"key":"R4-20260423","first-page":"531972","article-title":"Persea americana glycolic extract: In vitro study of antimicrobial activity against candida albicans biofilm and cytotoxicity evaluation","volume":"1","author":"Jesus","year":"2015","journal-title":"SciWorld J"},{"key":"R5-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-021-00887-7","article-title":"Bioactive molecules from native Mexican avocado fruit (Persea americana var. drymifolia): A review","volume":"76","author":"Ochoa-Zarzosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum Nutr"},{"key":"R6-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2007.04.003","article-title":"Chemopreventive characteristics of avocado fruit","volume":"17","author":"Ding","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"R7-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.53879\/id.56.01.11623","article-title":"Review on ethnomedicinal uses, photochemical constituents and pharmacological evidence on leaf extract of Persea Americana and Vernonia amygdalina of the African continent-A review","volume":"56","author":"Boadu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian Drugs"},{"key":"R8-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/CSJI\/2019\/v27i230112","article-title":"A review on avocado seed: Functionality, composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties","volume":"27","author":"Bahru","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem Sci Int J"},{"key":"R9-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10020202","article-title":"Syzygium aromaticum L. 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