{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:34:12Z","timestamp":1787070852980,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Periodontal diseases necessitate adjunctive therapies alongside mechanical debridement. Spirulina platensis, recognized for its antimicrobial properties and minimal side effects, offers promise in periodontal treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study compares the efficacy of subgingivally delivered spirulina gel with chlorhexidine (CHX) gel both clinically and microbiologically in stage III periodontitis patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Materials:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A randomized, controlled, single-blinded, split-mouth study was conducted with 23 subjects meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria. The participants were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: Group I (control) received scaling and root planing (SRP) followed by 1% CHX gel, and Group II (test) received SRP followed by 4% spirulina gel. Clinical parameters such as Gingival Index (GI), Modified Sulcular Bleeding Index (mSBI), and probing depth were assessed at baseline, 3\n                      <jats:sup>rd<\/jats:sup>\n                      week, and 6\n                      <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                      week. Microbial load assessment for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g)<\/jats:italic>\n                      was conducted using real-time qPCR at baseline and 6\n                      <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                      week.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Statistical Analysis Used:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Paired t-tests, repeated measures analyses of variance using SPSS software.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both groups exhibited significant improvements in clinical parameters and reduced\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P.g<\/jats:italic>\n                      load, with no significant difference between the spirulina and CHX groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggest that 4% spirulina gel, when delivered subgingivally can be considered a viable adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy, offering a natural and potentially cost-effective alternative to traditional antimicrobial agents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.ijdr_271_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:13Z","timestamp":1740700813000},"page":"406-411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Subgingivally Delivered Spirulina Gel and Chlorhexidine Gel in Periodontitis Patients \u2013 A Comparative Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"A. Sheryl","family":"Dolly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. L Ravi","family":"Shankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. V","family":"Saravanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K Raja","family":"Pandian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Sindhujaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. M. Mohamed","family":"Rashik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587279.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/587279","article-title":"Mixed red-complex bacterial infection in periodontitis","volume":"2013","author":"Suzuki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"key":"R2-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-1021-0","article-title":"Adjunctive subgingival application of Chlorhexidine gel in nonsurgical periodontal treatment for chronic periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Oral 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