{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:23:06Z","timestamp":1787768586277,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In post-mortem scenarios, often it is a very difficult process to establish a person's identity. Rugae are unique in that they are protected from trauma as they are insulated from heat by tongue and buccal pad of fat unlike fingerprint or lip print that is prone to destruction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim and Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was aimed to compare the palatal rugae among people of different races. The sole objectives of the study were to assess the predominant pattern in the selected groups, reliability of rugae pattern in personal identification, to evaluate reliability of sex determination and to compare the total number of rugae on right and left sides of the palate among the males and females.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 90 subjects were enrolled into the study and divided into three groups that are African, Dravidian and Mongoloid population. Shapes of rugae present were analyzed according to the classification given by Kapali\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">et al<\/jats:italic>\n                      . (1997) and Thomas &amp; Kotze (1983).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The predominant rugae shape in African and Dravidian population was wavy pattern, whereas Mongoloid race was predominant in curve pattern. African and Dravidian males were predominant in wavy pattern when compared to Mongoloid males where unification type was more predominant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A statistically significant association between the rugae shape in three populations exists, although subtle yet definite.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.ijdr_69_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T10:26:39Z","timestamp":1706091999000},"page":"187-190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Palatal Rugae as an Unique and Stable Marker in Personal identification\u2014An Interracial Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Nishant","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Surendera Dental College and Research Institute, Sri Gangangar, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramasamy","family":"Sarvathikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkatesh","family":"Jayaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philips","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Govt. Dental College, Kottayam, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumari","family":"Jyotsana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Surendera Dental College and Research Institute, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250428","first-page":"74","article-title":"Significance of palatal rugae. A review","volume":"2","author":"Sanjaya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Dent Update"},{"key":"R2-20250428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10011-1122","article-title":"Palatal rugae pattern as an aid for personal identification: A forensic study","volume":"23","author":"Kamala","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol"},{"key":"R3-20250428","first-page":"14","article-title":"Rugae pattern as an adjunct to sex differentiation in forensic identification","volume":"29","author":"Saraf","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Forensic Odontostomatol"},{"key":"R4-20250428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS12479J","article-title":"Individuality of human palatal rugae","volume":"33","author":"English","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"R5-20250428","first-page":"43","article-title":"Stability of palatal rugaea as landmarks for analysis of dental cast","volume":"65","author":"Almedia","year":"1995","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"R6-20250428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1997.tb00110.x","article-title":"Palatal rugae patterns in Australian aborigines and caucasians","volume":"42","author":"Kapali","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"key":"R7-20250428","first-page":"153","article-title":"The palatal ruga pattern: A new classification","volume":"38","author":"Thomas","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Dent Assoc S Afr"},{"key":"R8-20250428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4103\/2278-9626.126213","article-title":"Forensic importance of maxillary sinus in gender determination: A morphometric analysis from western Uttar Pradesh, Indian","volume":"3","author":"Sidhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Gen Dent"},{"key":"R9-20250428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.4103\/1305-7456.137628","article-title":"Western Saudi adolescent age estimation utilising third molar development","volume":"8","author":"Alshihri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"key":"R10-20250428","first-page":"1","article-title":"Palatal rugae patterns among the Indians at Manipal, India","volume":"20","author":"Manjunath","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Sci"},{"key":"R12-20250428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091800111","article-title":"Alteration in the epithelial surfaces of human palatal shelves prior to and during fusion: A scanning electron microscope study","volume":"180","author":"Waterman","year":"1974","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"R13-20250428","first-page":"59","article-title":"Cross-sectional study of plicae palatinae transversae in the Japanese","volume":"34","author":"Yamazaki","year":"1962","journal-title":"Anthropol Rep Niigata"},{"key":"R14-20250428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-1363.170469","article-title":"Palatal Rugoscopy: A new era for forensic identification","volume":"27","author":"Harchandani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol"},{"key":"R15-20250428","first-page":"1","article-title":"Computerized recording of the palatal rugae pattern and an evaluation of its application in forensic identification","volume":"22","author":"Limson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Forensic Odontostomatol"},{"key":"R16-20250428","first-page":"26","article-title":"Human identification using palatal rugae: Manual method","volume":"3","author":"Hemanth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol"},{"key":"R17-20250428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2330\/joralbiosci1965.36.126","article-title":"Morphological study of the palatal rugae in Japanese. 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Bilateral differences in the regressive evolution of the palatal rugae","volume":"36","author":"Dohke","year":"1994","journal-title":"Jpn J Oral Biol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Dental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijdr.ijdr_69_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:15:56Z","timestamp":1787768156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijdr.ijdr_69_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijdr.ijdr_69_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["0970-9290","1998-3603"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0970-9290","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3603","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-01-22","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-27","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}