{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:34:51Z","timestamp":1786649691990,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sex hormones play an important role in the health of women\u2019s periodontal structures throughout their lives. Under both physiological and pathological conditions, such as hormonal therapy or the use of oral contraceptives; women, in particular, experience hormonal fluctuation. It is quite undeniable that periodontal symptoms emerge when these steroid hormones are out of equilibrium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional survey based on a questionnaire was conducted, including 462 women within the age range of 18\u201335 years. Twenty four questions on the subject of periodontal changes associated with menstruation were included in the questionnaire and the responses were recorded. The data collected were tabulated in an Excel sheet and was statistically analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Descriptive analysis was used to assess participants\u2019 knowledge and awareness. It was found that 50% of the participants were unaware of the gingival and periodontal changes related to menstruation. The findings suggest that the awareness among 25\u201330 years was higher. The results also show that the alteration in the color of the gingiva and bleeding from the gingiva shows an insignificant change during menstruation (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.837,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.875), whereas a statistically significant difference was seen in the texture of the gingiva, ulceration of gingiva, pain, and burning sensation in the periodontal tissue during menstruation (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a huge gap in awareness of periodontal changes and menstruation. Creating awareness and spreading knowledge about this relationship will help to prevent periodontal disease at an early stage in women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.ijdr_846_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T08:02:24Z","timestamp":1758873744000},"page":"133-138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessment of Knowledge and Awareness about Gingival and Periodontal Changes in Women during Menstruation - An Evaluative Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Kritika S.","family":"Adhupia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoya","family":"Chowdhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Government District Hospital, Reasi, Jammu and Kashmir, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aarti","family":"Kiroula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karanveer","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Hapur Dental Clinic, Hapur, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shalabh","family":"Mehrotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1965.36.3.177","article-title":"Experimental gingivitis in man","volume":"36","author":"Loe","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R4-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1967.tb01889.x","article-title":"Gingival exudation during the menstrual cycle","volume":"2","author":"Lindhe","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"key":"R5-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2004.75.3.408","article-title":"The effect of menstrual cycle on periodontal health","volume":"75","author":"Machtei","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R6-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1967.tb01991.x","article-title":"Flow of gingival exudate as related to menstruation and pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Holm-Pedersen","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"key":"R7-20251006","first-page":"107","article-title":"Gingival sulcus bleeding--a leading symptom in initial gingivitis","volume":"15","author":"M\u00fchlemann","year":"1971","journal-title":"Helv Odontol Acta"},{"key":"R8-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4103\/dmr.dmr_41_18","article-title":"Awareness of oral health changes during menstruation:A questionnaire-based survey among adolescent girls","volume":"7","author":"Gomes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent Med Res"},{"key":"R9-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki:ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"310","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R10-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4103\/dmr.dmr_41_18","article-title":"Awareness of Oral Health Changes During Menstruation:A Questionnaire-Based Survey among Adolescent Girls","volume":"7","author":"Gomes Sheiba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dentistry and Medical Research"},{"key":"R11-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4761","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_907_20","article-title":"Knowledge of oral health among family medicine physicians in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 2020","volume":"9","author":"Alshathri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"R12-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2003.00055.x","article-title":"Influence of sex hormones on the periodontium","volume":"30","author":"Mascarenhas","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"R13-20251006","first-page":"359","article-title":"Recurrent Mikulicz's oral apthae. 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