{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:29:05Z","timestamp":1786739345747,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>VIPoma is a neuroendocrine tumor that secrets vasoactive intestinal peptide and produces a well-defined clinical syndrome characterized by watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, hypochlorhydria and metabolic acidosis. The aim of this study to investigate clinical studies about diagnostic and therapeutic modalities of vipoma patients. In this retrospective study, all patients of vipoma were investigated. Clinical features, laboratory data at initial presentation, management and outcomes were collected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Subjects and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The paper has written based on searching PubMed and Google Scholar to identify potentially relevant articles or abstracts. Categorical variables as percentage and continuous variables were reported as mean \u00b1 standard deviation (SD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All the patients presented with watery diarrhea (30\/30, 100%) and dehydration was reported in 33.3% of them. Prevalence of laboratory findings in these patients were assessed for hypokalaemia (25\/30, 83.3%), metabolic acidosis (9\/30, 33.6%), hypochloremia and achlorhydria (2\/30, 6.6%). Elevated VIP levels have been seen in 73.3% patients with mean values of 882.85 \u00b1 1134.87 pg\/ml. Prevalence of diagnostic methods included CT scan in 19 patients (19\/30, 63.3%), ultrasonography (15\/50, 50%), and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (8\/30, 26.6%). Medical treatments included somatostatin and analogues in 18 patients (18\/30, 60%). Surgery included less percentage of treatment in these patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CT scan can be used as a reliable modality for diagnosis of vipoma and somatostatin analogues can be used as the most effective treatment in vipoma patients. Surveillance of these patients needs to close monitoring of patients via history, physical examination, laboratory and imaging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.ijem_105_19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]],"date-time":"2019-07-29T06:58:27Z","timestamp":1564383507000},"page":"318-325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Prevalence of Diagnostic Methods and Treatment Modalities in Vipoma Patients: A Rare Cause of Hormone-Mediated Diarrhea"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Fateme Shamekhi","family":"Amiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Faculty of Medicine, National Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 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