{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:19:47Z","timestamp":1787840387332,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a frequent pregnancy complication. Increasing evidence suggests that environmental factors, such as exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA), may contribute to the development of GDM. This study aims to evaluate the association between BPA exposure and GDM in an Indian population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted at the outpatient clinics of the Department of Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and in collaboration with the Department of Biochemistry at a tertiary care and teaching hospital in North India. The study included 161 pregnant women divided into two groups: those with GDM and those with normal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Participants\u2019 urinary BPA levels were measured, and statistical analyses were performed to determine correlations between urinary BPA levels and GDM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean urinary BPA level was significantly higher in the GDM group (41.17 \u03bcg\/L) compared to the non-GDM group (14.19 \u03bcg\/L), with a\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value &lt;0.01. Correlation analysis showed a strong positive association between BPA levels and OGTT results in the GDM group. The linear correlation graph formula y = 1.7443x + 168.84 can predict urinary BPA level based on OGTT glucose level.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study underscores the significant association between elevated urine BPA level and GDM, suggesting that BPA exposure may be a risk factor for this condition. Compared to previous studies, our research highlights the specific impact of BPA on GDM in the Indian context. The results advocate for reducing BPA exposure to mitigate the risk of GDM and related metabolic disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.ijem_23_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T08:00:14Z","timestamp":1761552014000},"page":"537-541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Comparative Study to Evaluate the Association of Bisphenol-A in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus as Compared to Pregnant Women with Normal Glucose Tolerance"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Prabhat K.","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiv S.","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruchika","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamna","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandipta K.","family":"Panda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish R.","family":"Kulshrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Gautam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikhil","family":"Pursnani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashant","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaurav","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5736","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195736","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus\u2014recent literature review","volume":"11","author":"Modzelewski","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"R2-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-024-02936-0","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women in India: An analysis of National Family Health Survey Data","volume":"24","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"R3-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_178_18","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus 2018 guidelines: An update","volume":"7","author":"Mishra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"R4-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.02.014","article-title":"Dietary and sociodemographic determinants of bisphenol A urine concentrations in pregnant women and children","volume":"56","author":"Casas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"R5-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205548","article-title":"Prenatal and postnatal bisphenol A exposure and body mass index in childhood in the CHAMACOS cohort","volume":"121","author":"Harley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"R6-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00262","article-title":"Exposure to bisphenol A substitutes and gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study in China","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"R7-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408989","article-title":"Bisphenol S and F: A systematic review and comparison of the hormonal activity of Bisphenol A substitutes","volume":"123","author":"Rochester","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"R8-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.01.002","article-title":"Endocrine activity of alternatives to BPA found in thermal paper in Switzerland","volume":"71","author":"Goldinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"R9-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2007.07.010","article-title":"Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA)","volume":"24","author":"Vandenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"R10-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2014.930813","article-title":"Pharmaco- and toxicokinetics of selected exogenous and endogenous estrogens: A review of the data and identification of knowledge gaps","volume":"44","author":"Mattison","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol"},{"key":"R11-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr061","article-title":"Bisphenol A disrupts steroidogenesis in human H295R cells","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"R12-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77481","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077481","article-title":"Evaluation of a screening system for obesogenic compounds: Screening of endocrine disrupting compounds and evaluation of the PPAR dependency of the effect","volume":"8","author":"Pereira-Fernandes","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R13-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2902","article-title":"Phthalates efficiently bind to human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor and retinoid X receptor ?, ?, ? subtypes: An in silico approach","volume":"34","author":"Sarath","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"R14-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.11.1303","article-title":"Association of urinary bisphenol A concentration with medical disorders and laboratory abnormalities in adults","volume":"300","author":"Lang","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R15-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26868","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026868","article-title":"Urinary bisphenol A and type-2 diabetes in U. S. adults: Data from NHANES 2003-2008","volume":"6","author":"Silver","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R16-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51086","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051086","article-title":"Use of NHANES data to link chemical exposures to chronic diseases: A cautionary tale","volume":"7","author":"LaKind","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R17-20251029","first-page":"598180","article-title":"Bisphenol A and metabolic syndrome: Results from NHANES","author":"Teppala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol 2012"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R18-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000730","article-title":"Urinary Bisphenol A concentration and gestational diabetes mellitus in Chinese women","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"R19-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082937","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting chemicals and type 1 diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Predieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R20-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2024.108612","article-title":"Maternal exposure to bisphenols, phthalates, perfluoroalkyl acids, and trace elements and their associations with gestational diabetes mellitus in the APrON cohort","volume":"127","author":"Soomro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"R21-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.01.012","article-title":"Pregnancy urinary bisphenol-A concentrations and glucose levels across BMI categories","volume":"113","author":"Bellavia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"R22-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00022","article-title":"Trimester-specific urinary bisphenol a concentrations and blood glucose levels among pregnant women from a fertility clinic","volume":"102","author":"Chiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R23-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142085","article-title":"Associations of urinary phenolic environmental estrogens exposure with blood glucose levels and gestational diabetes mellitus in Chinese pregnant women","volume":"754","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"R24-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.2337\/db22-0028","article-title":"Urinary phenols in early to midpregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A longitudinal study in a multiracial cohort","volume":"71","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"R25-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.05.016","article-title":"Exposure to phthalates, bisphenol A and metals in pregnancy and the association with impaired glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus: The MIREC study","volume":"83","author":"Shapiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"R26-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133343","article-title":"Unhealthy levels of phthalates and bisphenol A in mexican pregnant women with gestational diabetes and its association to altered expression of miRNAs involved with metabolic disease","volume":"20","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Ibarra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R27-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020525","article-title":"Bisphenol A and phthalates in diet: An emerging link with pregnancy complications","volume":"12","author":"Filardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"R28-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12546","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11263-4","article-title":"Serum Bisphenol A, glucose homeostasis, and gestational diabetes mellitus in Chinese pregnant women: A prospective study","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"R29-20251029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62105","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-16691-4","article-title":"Bisphenol A exposure and abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Taheri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijem.ijem_23_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:21:53Z","timestamp":1787836913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijem.ijem_23_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijem.ijem_23_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2230-8210","2230-9500"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2230-8210","type":"print"},{"value":"2230-9500","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-13","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-17","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}