{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:45:09Z","timestamp":1787071509573,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A bidirectional relationship between testosterone and obesity is explained by the hypogonadal obesity cycle and evidence from reports stating that weight loss leads to increased testosterone levels. There is an alarming rise in the prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents. The objectives of the present study were to measure the 2D:4D ratio of adolescent students and study its association with neck circumference (NC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After obtaining ethical clearance, the study was conducted on 168 adolescents pursuing their undergraduate education in a South Indian university. 2D:4D ratio and NC were measured using Digital Vernier Calipers and plastic inch tape, respectively. All the participants were divided into three groups (normal, overweight, and obese) on the basis of their BMI. Mean 2D:4D ratio and NC were compared between the three groups using one-way ANOVA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean right and left hand ratios of the study population were 0.973 \u00b1 0.030 and 0.975 \u00b1 0.069, respectively. Comparison of 2D:4D ratios between the sexes revealed statistical significance (males = 0.966, females = 0.977, and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value = 0.019). There was no significant correlation between 2D:4D ratios and BMI. There was a significant negative correlation between NC and 2D:4D ratios of the individuals with normal BMI. However, no statistically significant correlation between NC and 2D:4D ratios was observed in overweight and obese individuals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>2D:4D ratio and NC could be used as simple measures for screening of people at higher risk for heart disease and metabolic syndrome. However, studies on a larger sample might help us reveal the association between NC and 2D:4D ratios.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.ijem_414_18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]],"date-time":"2018-12-04T03:43:00Z","timestamp":1543894980000},"page":"724-727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Measurement of 2D:4D Ratio and Neck Circumference in Adolescents: Sexual Dimorphism and its Implications in Obesity \u2013 A Cross Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Saravanakumar","family":"Jeevanandam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CRRI, Saveetha Medical College, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. M.","family":"Prathibha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Saveetha Medical College, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20260327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2009.12.002","article-title":"Prenatal testosterone, visual-spatial memory, and numerical skills in young children","volume":"20","author":"Bull","year":"2010","journal-title":"Learn Individ Differ"},{"key":"R2-20260327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-5138(03)00052-7","article-title":"The second to fourth digit ratio and variation in the androgen receptor gene","volume":"24","author":"Manning","year":"2003","journal-title":"Evol Hum Behav"},{"key":"R3-20260327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803154","article-title":"The 2nd-4th digit ratio (2D:4D) and neck circumference: Implications for risk factors in coronary heart disease","volume":"30","author":"Fink","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"R4-20260327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2004.12.017","article-title":"Depression in men is associated with more feminine finger length ratios","volume":"39","author":"Bailey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"R5-20260327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.1999.1873","article-title":"Men with coronary artery disease have lower levels of androgens than men with normal coronary angiograms","volume":"21","author":"English","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"R6-20260327","first-page":"14","article-title":"Relationship between changes in neck circumference and cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"11","author":"Ben-Noun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"R7-20260327","first-page":"147","article-title":"Neck circumference and 2:4 digit ratio in patients with acute myocardial infarction","volume":"21","author":"Aksu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Turkiye Klin Cardiovasc Sci"},{"key":"R8-20260327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15268-3","article-title":"Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies","volume":"363","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R9-20260327","first-page":"36","article-title":"Neck circumference as a useful marker of obesity: A comparison with body mass index and waist circumference","volume":"62","author":"Hingorjo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"R10-20260327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12282","article-title":"Testosterone and obesity","volume":"16","author":"Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"R11-20260327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2003.35","article-title":"Relationship of neck circumference to cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"11","author":"Ben-Noun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"R12-20260327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2003.12.002","article-title":"2nd to 4th digit ratios, fetal testosterone and estradiol","volume":"77","author":"Lutchmaya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"R13-20260327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.16965\/ijar.2015.177","article-title":"Cross sectional study of second and fourth digit ratio with physical attributes in South Indian population","volume":"3","author":"Jacob","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Anat Res"},{"key":"R14-20260327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(02)00002-8","article-title":"A preliminary investigation of the associations between personality, cognitive ability and digit ratio","volume":"33","author":"Austin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pers Indiv Differ"},{"key":"R16-20260327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2001.61","article-title":"Neck circumference as a simple screening measure for identifying overweight and obese patients","volume":"9","author":"Ben-Noun","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"R17-20260327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460310001620153","article-title":"Second to fourth digit ratio, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-chest ratio: Their relationships in heterosexual men and women","volume":"30","author":"Fink","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/02223308-201822060-00003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:47:11Z","timestamp":1787068031000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/02223308-201822060-00003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijem.ijem_414_18","relation":{},"ISSN":["2230-8210","2230-9500"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2230-8210","type":"print"},{"value":"2230-9500","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}}}