{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:19:07Z","timestamp":1787750347756,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) predisposes females to metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. Continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) offers the advantage of better understanding of glycaemic variability as compared to oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). There is scarce data regarding use of CGMS in understanding glycaemic variability in patients of PCOS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty nondiabetic PCOS patients of age group 16\u201345 years diagnosed by Rotterdam criteria (2003) were included and subjected to CGM for 72 hours.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean age of participants was 23.32 \u00b1 4.58 years. Family history of diabetes mellitus in a first degree relative was present in 40% patients. On OGTT, dysglycemia was present in 14 patients\u20145 (10%) had impaired fasting glucose (IFG), 6 (12%) had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and 6 (12%) had both IFG and IGT. Glycemic variability and post prandial glycaemic excursion (PPGE) were found to have significant positive correlation with Luteinizing hormone: Follicle-stimulating hormone (LH: FSH) ratio [r = 0.37 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.008) and r = 0.39 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.004)], respectively. Fasting and 2-hour OGTT plasma glucose, serum testosterone, mean blood glucose (MBG), eA1c, total PPGE, and PPGE for breakfast values were significantly higher in patients having homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (IR) &gt;2.5. MBG, eA1c, and PPGE for lunch and dinner were significantly high in patients with family history (FH) of diabetes mellitus (DM). There was no significant difference in CGM metrics among patients with or without hyperandrogenism (HA).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CGMS detected high glycaemic variability and exaggerated post meal glycaemic excursions in Indian non diabetic PCOS patients having either positive family history of diabetes mellitus or IR or higher LH: FSH ratio.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.ijem_41_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T14:02:08Z","timestamp":1782482528000},"page":"235-240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Glycemic Variability in Patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring System"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Nitesh K.","family":"Bauddh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Govt Medical College, Kota, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishna","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radhika","family":"Jindal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Purnima","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2018.24","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: Definition, aetiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"14","author":"Escobar-Morreale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"R2-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1514916","article-title":"Clinical practice. Polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"375","author":"McCartney","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R3-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh098","article-title":"Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)","volume":"19","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"R4-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719050","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/719050","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome, insulin resistance, and obesity: Navigating the pathophysiologic labyrinth","volume":"2014","author":"Rojas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R5-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1937_17","article-title":"Epidemiology, pathogenesis, genetics & management of polycystic ovary syndrome in India","volume":"150","author":"Ganie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R6-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey256","article-title":"International PCOS Network. Recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Teede","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"R7-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01085-6","article-title":"Glycaemic variability: Adverse clinical outcomes and how to improve it?","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"R8-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.131130","article-title":"Continuous glucose monitoring system and new era of early diagnosis of diabetes in high risk groups","volume":"18","author":"Soliman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R9-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1459","article-title":"Effects of continuous glucose monitoring on metrics of glycaemic control in diabetes: A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"43","author":"Maiorino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R10-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2011.03.2277","article-title":"Continuous glucose monitoring reveals abnormal features of postprandial glycaemic excursions in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome","volume":"123","author":"Tao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"R11-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12031","article-title":"Increased mean glucose levels in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and hyperandrogenemia as determined by continuous glucose monitoring","volume":"92","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"R12-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4356","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02763","article-title":"Continuous glucose monitoring profiles in healthy nondiabetic participants: A multicenter prospective study","volume":"104","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R13-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031287","article-title":"Measurement of total serum testosterone in adult men: Comparison of current laboratory methods versus liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"89","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R14-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_225_20","article-title":"ESI clinical practice guidelines for the evaluation and management of obesity in India","volume":"24","author":"Madhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R15-20260626","first-page":"157","article-title":"Association of insulin resistance with lipid profile, metabolic syndrome, and hormonal aberrations in overweight or obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Ebrahimi-Mamaghani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"R16-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2012.0333","article-title":"Abnormal glycaemic profiles by CGMS in obese first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"15","author":"Madhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijem.ijem_41_26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T12:26:28Z","timestamp":1787747188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijem.ijem_41_26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijem.ijem_41_26","relation":{},"ISSN":["2230-8210","2230-9500"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2230-8210","type":"print"},{"value":"2230-9500","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-21","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-12","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}