{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T03:10:37Z","timestamp":1789096237031,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bone age assessment is an essential competency for endocrinology residents, guiding the diagnosis and management of growth disorders, pubertal abnormalities and endocrine conditions. This review is presented in two parts: Part 1 focuses on the methods of bone age assessment, while Part 2 addresses its clinical utility and applications. The Greulich and Pyle (G&amp;P) atlas is widely used for its simplicity, while the Tanner\u2013Whitehouse (TW) method offers a more detailed, scoring-based approach but requires more time. In younger children, proximal ossification centres are more informative, whereas distal centres are more informative in older adolescents. TW3 generally estimates slightly younger ages than TW2, and G&amp;P tends to score younger than TW2. Emerging tools\u2014such as automated image analysis, content-based image retrieval and ultrasonography\u2014promise efficiency gains but face challenges of operator dependence and variable reliability. Advances like BoneXpert have improved standardization and reproducibility, yet traditional G&amp;P and TW methods remain central in endocrine practice due to their accessibility, validated references and widespread familiarity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.ijem_653_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T17:01:14Z","timestamp":1788195674000},"page":"274-279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bone Age in Endocrinology \u2013 Part 1: Methods of Bone Age Assessment"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Kiran K.","family":"Golla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Centre for Endocrinology Diabetes Obesity Thyroid (CEDOT), Vizag, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eram","family":"Nahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Khadgawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20260911","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automated bone age assessment: Motivation, taxonomies, and challenges","author":"Mansourvar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput Math Methods Med 2013"},{"key":"R5-20260911","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.580314","article-title":"Evaluation of bone age in children: A mini-review","volume":"9","author":"Cavallo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"R7-20260911","article-title":"TW3 Method: Assessment of Skeletal Maturity","author":"Tanner","year":"2001"},{"issue":"(Suppl 1)","key":"R9-20260911","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.145076","article-title":"Hand X-ray in pediatric endocrinology: Skeletal age assessment and beyond","volume":"18","author":"De Sanctis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R10-20260911","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0220242","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220242","article-title":"Bone age assessment with various machine learning techniques: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Dallora","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R11-20260911","first-page":"552","article-title":"An appraisal of Greulich-Pyle atlas for skeletal age assessment in Pakistan","volume":"60","author":"Zafar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"R12-20260911","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.09.022","article-title":"Applicability of Greulich and Pyle skeletal age standards to Indian children","volume":"216","author":"Patil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"R13-20260911","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20171486","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1486","article-title":"Bone age: A handy tool for pediatric providers","volume":"140","author":"Creo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R14-20260911","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2910","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5792-5","article-title":"Is the Greulich and Pyle atlas applicable to all ethnicities? 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