{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:28:38Z","timestamp":1786649318020,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The escalating burden of carbon overload, largely driven by fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, and industrial activities, is a major contributor to climate change, leading to significant environmental and health consequences. Beyond its ecological implications, emerging evidence highlights the profound impact of climate change on human health, particularly on endocrine function. Rising global temperatures, increased exposure to particulate matter, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and shifts in dietary patterns pose significant challenges to hormonal homeostasis. This review critically examines the intricate relationship between carbon emissions, climate change, environmental pollutants, and endocrine disorders, including diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, reproductive health, and metabolic diseases. Additionally, we discuss potential mitigation strategies\u2014including policy interventions, dietary modifications, and sustainable lifestyle practices\u2014to safeguard endocrine health while addressing environmental sustainability. Recognizing and addressing the endocrine implications of climate change is essential for developing effective public health interventions aimed at mitigating long-term health risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.ijem_88_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T14:00:15Z","timestamp":1766152815000},"page":"590-594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Carbon, Climate, and the Endocrine Conundrum"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Parth","family":"Jethwani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Kota Heart and Shriji Hospital, Kota, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azher","family":"Rizvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, United Institute of Medical Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narendra","family":"Kotwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Paras Health, Panchkula, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Kalra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital, Karnal, Haryana, India"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University Center for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"R4-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1995.tb02822.x","article-title":"The effete in the heat:Heat-related hospital presentations during a ten day heat wave","volume":"25","author":"Faunt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Med"},{"key":"R5-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(72)90020-5","article-title":"Patterns of urban heat-wave deaths and implications for prevention:Data from New York and St Louis during July, 1966","volume":"5","author":"Schuman","year":"1972","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"R6-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(99)00025-2","article-title":"Excess hospital admissions during the July 1995 heat wave in Chicago","volume":"16","author":"Semenza","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"R7-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.4158\/EP09344.RA","article-title":"Managing diabetes in the heat:Potential issues and concerns","volume":"16","author":"Westphal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"R8-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00626765","article-title":"Hormone response of diabetic patients to exercise at cool and warm temperatures","volume":"62","author":"R\u00f6nnemaa","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"key":"R9-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.280.6229.1411","article-title":"Sauna-induced acceleration in insulin absorption from subcutaneous injection site","volume":"280","author":"Koivisto","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"R10-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296819900258","article-title":"Insulin storage:A critical reappraisal","volume":"15","author":"Heinemann","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"R11-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968221146194","article-title":"Diabetes-technology and the environment:What do we have to consider?","volume":"17","author":"Heinemann","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"R12-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.06.032","article-title":"Inverse relationship between ambient temperature and admissions for diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state:A 14-year time-series analysis","volume":"94","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"R13-20251220","first-page":"710","article-title":"The impact of high ambient temperature on human sperm parameters:A meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Hoang-Thi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"R14-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e208243","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.8243","article-title":"Association of air pollution and heat exposure with preterm birth, low birth weight, and stillbirth in the US:A systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Bekkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"R15-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.12.017","article-title":"The impact of maternal factors on the association between temperature and preterm delivery","volume":"154","author":"Basu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"R16-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP97","article-title":"Ambient temperature and early delivery of singleton pregnancies","volume":"125","author":"Ha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"R18-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-70-4-965","article-title":"Changes in serum triiodothyronine (T3) kinetics after prolonged Antarctic residence:The polar T3 syndrome","volume":"70","author":"Reed","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R19-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2017.0123","article-title":"Worldwide impact of warmer seasons on the incidence of renal colic and kidney stone disease:Evidence from a systematic review of literature","volume":"31","author":"Geraghty","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Endourol"},{"key":"R20-20251220","first-page":"4015","article-title":"Seasonal variation in glucocorticoid activity in healthy men","volume":"82","author":"Walker","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R21-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001420","article-title":"Monthly variation of hot flashes, night sweats, and trouble sleeping:Effect of season and proximity to the final menstrual period (FMP) in the SWAN Menstrual Calendar substudy","volume":"27","author":"Harlow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"R23-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.12.015","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting compounds in gaseous and particulate outdoor air phases according to environmental factors","volume":"146","author":"Teil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"R24-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0203-1","article-title":"Clearing the air:A review of the effects of particulate matter air pollution on human health","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"R25-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.09.025","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting chemicals in indoor and outdoor air","volume":"43","author":"Rudel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos Environ (1994)"},{"key":"R26-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026796","article-title":"Particulate matter exposure and stress hormone levels:A randomized, double-blind, crossover trial of air purification","volume":"136","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R27-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108817","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and diabetes:A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"180","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"R28-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1","article-title":"Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease:An update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"121","author":"Brook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"93","key":"R29-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.03.028","article-title":"Associations between long-term exposure to ambient particulate air pollution and type 2 diabetes prevalence, blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels in China","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"R30-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306841","article-title":"Air pollution-mediated susceptibility to inflammation and insulin resistance:Influence of CCR2 pathways in mice","volume":"122","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"R31-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-94","article-title":"Short-term airborne particulate matter exposure alters the epigenetic landscape of human genes associated with the mitogen-activated protein kinase network:A cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Carmona","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"R32-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1912902","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.12902","article-title":"Association of exposure to ambient air pollution with thyroid function during pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Ghassabian","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"R33-20251220","first-page":"6757154","article-title":"Thyroid hormones, oxidative stress, and inflammation","author":"Mancini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm. 2016"},{"key":"R34-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307669","article-title":"Blood lead concentration and thyroid function during pregnancy:Results from the Yugoslavia Prospective Study of Environmental Lead Exposure","volume":"122","author":"Kahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"R35-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.11.052","article-title":"Air pollution, environmental chemicals, and smoking may trigger vitamin D deficiency:Evidence and potential mechanisms","volume":"122","author":"Mousavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"R36-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e474","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30224-2","article-title":"Short-term and long-term health impacts of air pollution reductions from COVID-19 lockdowns in China and Europe:A modelling study","volume":"4","author":"Giani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"R38-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-021-00225-9","article-title":"Food systems are responsible for a third of global anthropogenic GHG emissions","volume":"2","author":"Crippa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Food"},{"key":"R39-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0279993","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279993","article-title":"Distribution and risk assessment of pesticide residues in sediment samples from river Ganga, India","volume":"18","author":"Shah","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R40-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-48488-5","article-title":"Historical shifting in grain mineral density of landmark rice and wheat cultivars released over the past 50 years in India","volume":"13","author":"Debnath","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R41-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007364","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-007364","article-title":"Health effects of adopting low greenhouse gas emission diets in the UK","volume":"5","author":"Milner","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"R42-20251220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j1456","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1456","article-title":"Association between active commuting and incident cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality:Prospective cohort study","volume":"357","author":"Celis-Morales","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijem.ijem_88_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:52:23Z","timestamp":1786647143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijem.ijem_88_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijem.ijem_88_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2230-8210","2230-9500"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2230-8210","type":"print"},{"value":"2230-9500","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-27","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-23","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}