{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T23:40:02Z","timestamp":1751499602340,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background &amp; objectives:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Following a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis, only some infants develop serious illness, and a proportion of them develop recurrent wheeze subsequently. Studies have revealed that cytokine expression following RSV infection may influence the severity and also the risk for subsequent reactive airway disease. This present study was conducted to determine the blood, and nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) cytokine profile among infants admitted for RSV bronchiolitis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In this prospective pilot study, a sample size of 15 cases and 15 controls was included. Detailed history, physical examination, blood sample and NPA collection were done. Cytokines (IFN\u03b3 and IL-4) estimation was done in the blood and NPA samples of cases and blood samples of controls.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The mean levels of interferon gamma in controls (blood) and cases (NPA and blood) were 5.95, 9.54 and 32.02 pg\/ml, respectively. The mean levels of interleukin-4 in controls (blood), and cases (NPA and blood) were 1280.77, 956.08 and 692.37 pg\/ml, respectively (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Interpretation &amp; conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our study showed that infants with RSV bronchiolitis evoked a Th1 response in both blood and NPA. Large multicentre studies are needed to validate our findings.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_1120_14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,28]],"date-time":"2017-04-28T13:56:29Z","timestamp":1493387789000},"page":"929-931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nasopharyngeal aspirate &amp; blood cytokine profile in infants hospitalized for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Suresh","family":"Natarajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ganesh","family":"Ramasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. Pavan","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. Subash","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lalitha","family":"Janakiraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","reference":[{"key":"R1-20-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.09.020","article-title":"Progress in understanding and controlling respiratory syncytial virus: still crazy after all these years","volume":"162","author":"Collins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"R2-20-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200502-014AW","article-title":"Cytokines and respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"2","author":"Tripp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"R3-20-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-010-0108-z","article-title":"Respiratory syncitial virus in children with acute respiratory infections","volume":"77","author":"Hemalatha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"R4-20-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.1.9611050","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants is associated with predominant Th-2-like response","volume":"156","author":"Rom\u00e1n","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R5-20-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e878","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2119","article-title":"T helper 1\/T helper 2 cytokine imbalance in respiratory syncytial virus infection is associated with increased endogenous plasma cortisol","volume":"117","author":"Pinto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R6-20-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200210-1148OC","article-title":"Type 1 and type 2 cytokine imbalance in acute respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis","volume":"168","author":"Legg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R7-20-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2003.1618","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar lavage cytokine profiles in acute asthma and acute bronchiolitis","volume":"112","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R8-20-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.01.00254101","article-title":"Relationship between respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis and future obstructive airway diseases","volume":"18","author":"Wennergren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"R9-20-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/152.4_Pt_2.S59","article-title":"Immunity and immunopathology to respiratory syncytial virus. 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