{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:16:41Z","timestamp":1790191001005,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background &amp; objectives:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Azithromycin has been in use as an alternate treatment option for enteric fever even when the guidelines on the susceptibility testing were not available. There is lack of data on susceptibility and mechanisms of resistance of azithromycin in <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhi and <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>. Paratyphi A. The aim of the present study was to determine the azithromycin susceptibility and resistance mechanisms in typhoidal salmonellae isolates archived in a tertiary care centre in north India for a period of 25 years.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Azithromycin susceptibility was determined in 602 isolates of <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S.<\/jats:italic> Typhi (469) and <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S.<\/jats:italic> Paratyphi A (133) available as archived collection isolated during 1993 to 2016, by disc diffusion and <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E<\/jats:italic>-test method.PCR was done for <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ereA, ermA, ermB, ermC, mefA, mphA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">msrA<\/jats:italic> genes from plasmid and genomic DNA and sequencing was done to detect mutations in <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">acrR, rplD<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">rplV<\/jats:italic> genes.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Azithromycin susceptibility was seen in 437\/469 [93.2%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 90.5 to 95.1%] isolates of <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S.<\/jats:italic> Typhi. Amongst 133 isolates of <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S.<\/jats:italic> Paratyphi A studied, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of \u226416 mg\/l was found in 102 (76.7%; 95% CI, 68.8 to 83.0). MIC value ranged between 1.5 and 32 mg\/l with an increasing trend in MIC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> and MIC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub> with time. Mutations were found in acrR in one and rplV in two isolates of <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S.<\/jats:italic> Typhi. No acquired mechanism for macrolide resistance was found.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Interpretation &amp; conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Azithromycin could be considered as a promising agent against typhoid fever on the basis of MIC distribution in India. However, due to emergence of resistance in some parts, there is a need for continuous surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance mechanisms. There is also a need to determine the breakpoints for <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S.<\/jats:italic> Paratyphi A.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_1302_17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,24]],"date-time":"2019-06-24T08:11:27Z","timestamp":1561363887000},"page":"404-411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Azithromycin resistance mechanisms in typhoidal salmonellae in India"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"149","author":[{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhavana","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushila","family":"Dahiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umay","family":"Kulsum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sambuddha","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neelam","family":"Manral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangeeta","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Punit","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seema","family":"Sood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bimal 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