{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T06:30:56Z","timestamp":1792737056788,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background &amp; objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In India, acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) cases are frequently reported from Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh. Scrub typhus is one of the predominant aetiological agents for these cases. In order to delineate the extent of the background of scrub typhus seroprevalence and the associated risk factors at community level, serosurveys during both lean and epidemic periods (phase 1 and phase 2, respectively) of AES outbreaks were conducted in this region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two community-based serosurveys were conducted during lean (April-May 2016) and epidemic AES (October-November 2016) periods. A total of 1085 and 906 individuals were enrolled during lean and epidemic AES periods, respectively, from different villages reporting recent AES cases. Scrub typhus-seronegative individuals (n=254) during the lean period were tested again during the epidemic period to estimate the incidence of scrub typhus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The seroprevalence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Orientia tsutsugamushi<\/jats:italic>\n                      during AES epidemic period [immunoglobulin (Ig) IgG: 70.8%, IgM: 4.4%] was high as compared to that of lean AES period (IgG: 50.6%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001; IgM: 3.4%). The factors independently associated with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">O. tsutsugamushi<\/jats:italic>\n                      positivity during lean AES period were female gender, illiteracy, not wearing footwear, not taking bath after work whereas increasing age, close contact with animals, source of drinking water and open-air defecation emerged as additional risk factors during the epidemic AES season. IgM positivity was significantly higher among febrile individuals compared to those without fever (7.7 vs. 3.5%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.006). The seroincidence for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">O. tsutsugamushi<\/jats:italic>\n                      was 19.7 per cent, and the subclinical infection rate was 54 per cent.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation &amp; conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The community-based surveys identified endemicity of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">O. tsutsugamushi<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the associated risk factors in Gorakhpur region. The findings will be helpful for planning appropriate interventional strategies to control scrub typhus.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_1330_18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]],"date-time":"2020-05-12T05:00:59Z","timestamp":1589259659000},"page":"350-360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Seroprevalence &amp; seroincidence of Orientia tsutsugamushi infection in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"151","author":[{"given":"Suchit","family":"Kamble","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arati","family":"Mane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suvarna","family":"Sane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suvarna","family":"Sonavale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pallavi","family":"Vidhate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raman","family":"Gangakhedkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohan","family":"Gupte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","reference":[{"key":"R1-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.159279","article-title":"DHR - ICMR Guidelines for Diagnosis & Management of Rickettsial Diseases in India","volume":"141","author":"Rahi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R2-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1086\/424748","article-title":"Scrub typhus: Prevalence and diagnostic issues in rural Southern India","volume":"39","author":"Isaac","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R3-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1210.051697","article-title":"Scrub typhus in Himalayas","volume":"12","author":"Mahajan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"R4-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1258\/td.2010.090452","article-title":"Scrub typhus: An unrecognized threat in South India - Clinical profile and predictors of mortality","volume":"40","author":"Chrispal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"R5-14-20241212","first-page":"538","article-title":"Serological evidence of rickettsial infections in Delhi","volume":"135","author":"Mittal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R6-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.148381","article-title":"Seroprevalence of scrub typhus at a tertiary care hospital in Andhra Pradesh","volume":"33","author":"Ramyasree","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R7-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2301.161038","article-title":"Scrub typhus leading to acute encephalitis syndrome, Assam, India","volume":"23","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"R8-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.188315","article-title":"Scrub typhus and spotted fever among hospitalised children in South India: Clinical profile and serological epidemiology","volume":"34","author":"Kalal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R9-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-5229.136074","article-title":"Acute encephalitis syndrome following scrub typhus infection","volume":"18","author":"Kar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R10-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-3147.169769","article-title":"Scrub typhus meningoencephalitis, a diagnostic challenge for clinicians: A hospital based study from North-East India","volume":"6","author":"Jamil","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci Rural Pract"},{"key":"R11-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.95002","article-title":"First case of scrub typhus with meningoencephalitis from Kerala: An emerging infectious threat","volume":"15","author":"Saifudheen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"key":"R12-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.08.014","article-title":"Acute encephalitis syndrome in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India - Role of scrub typhus","volume":"73","author":"Murhekar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"R13-14-20241212","first-page":"50","article-title":"AES: Clinical presentation and dilemmas in critical care management Gorakhpur scenario","volume":"46","author":"Mittal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"R14-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002099","article-title":"Acute encephalitis syndrome in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 2016","volume":"37","author":"Wesley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"R16-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.51.149","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to rickettsiae in the human population of Suburban Bangkok","volume":"51","author":"Strickman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R17-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2341","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002341","article-title":"Antibody prevalence and factors associated with exposure to Orientia tsutsugamushi in different aboriginal subgroups in West Malaysia","volume":"7","author":"Tay","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R18-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005447","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005447","article-title":"Climate variability, animal reservoir and transmission of scrub typhus in Southern China","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R19-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12853","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for scrub typhus in South India","volume":"22","author":"Trowbridge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"R20-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.162","article-title":"Scrub typhus in Japan: Epidemiology and clinical features of cases reported in 1998","volume":"67","author":"Ogawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R21-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.5.5.745-749.1972","article-title":"Zoonotic infections in military scout and tracker dogs in Vietnam","volume":"5","author":"Alexander","year":"1972","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R22-14-20241212","first-page":"209","article-title":"Ecological considerations in scrub typhus 1. Emerging concepts","volume":"39","author":"Traub","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"R23-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2412.180695","article-title":"Risk factors for acquiring scrub typhus among children in Deoria and Gorakhpur districts, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2017","volume":"24","author":"Thangaraj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"R24-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1209.060257","article-title":"Spring scrub typhus, People's Republic of China","volume":"12","author":"Cao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"R25-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-139","article-title":"Meteorological factors and risk of scrub typhus in Guangzhou, Southern China, 2006-2012","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"R26-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7254","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120707254","article-title":"Scrub typhus incidence modeling with meteorological factors in South Korea","volume":"12","author":"Kwak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R28-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.02.006","article-title":"Scrub typhus in Darjeeling, India: Opportunities for simple, practical prevention measures","volume":"103","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R29-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.108729","article-title":"Outbreak of scrub typhus in the North East Himalayan region-Sikkim: An emerging threat","volume":"31","author":"Gurung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R30-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.03.018","article-title":"Kinetics of IgM and IgG antibodies after scrub typhus infection and the clinical implications","volume":"71","author":"Varghese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R31-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02865.x","article-title":"A serosurvey of Orientia tsutsugamushi from patients with scrub typhus","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"R32-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00017-11","article-title":"Kinetics and magnitude of antibody responses against the conserved 47-kilodalton antigen and the variable 56-kilodalton antigen in scrub typhus patients","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1330_18","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T19:03:08Z","timestamp":1751482988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/seroprevalence-seroincidence-of-orientia-tsutsugamushi-infection-in-gorakhpur-uttar-pradesh-india-a-community-based-serosurvey-during-lean-april-may-epidemic-october-november\/"}},"subtitle":["A community-based serosurvey during lean (April-May) &amp; epidemic (October-November) periods for acute encephalitis syndrome"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_1330_18","relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-5916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0971-5916","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}}}