{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T13:55:03Z","timestamp":1761746103558,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"\n Background & objectives:<\/jats:title>\n Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) can cause adverse perinatal outcome if not treated. Although insulin therapy has been the main treatment modality over decades but considering its cost and parenteral mode of administration, it does not seem to be appropriate, especially in low-resource settings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of metformin in GDM and know its efficacy as well as adverse effect on foetus and mother.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n All pregnant women with GDM who were not controlled on medical nutrition therapy and required metformin therapy were included in the study. Careful monitoring of blood sugar was done. Development of any maternal or foetal complications and adverse effect were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n A total of 2797 pregnant women were screened, of whom 233 (8.3%) were found to have GDM. Of the 64 women with GDM (28.7%) who required metformin therapy, majority (93.8%) achieved blood sugar control, whereas three (4.7%) women failed. Caesarean section rate was 54 per cent, and 15.6 per cent neonates were large for gestational age. Only two (3.1%) women had gastrointestinal side effects which were minor and got resolved with time. No case of hypoglycaemia or perinatal mortality was reported.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation & conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Our findings indicate that metformin may be used as a safe and effective oral hypoglycaemic agent in GDM, especially in low-resource settings where cost, storage and compliance are logistic issues. However, long-term follow up studies are needed to solve issues related to its safety in pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_1358_15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T19:19:30Z","timestamp":1734635970000},"page":"623-628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Efficacy of metformin in improving glycaemic control & perinatal outcome in gestational diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Neeta","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malti","family":"Madhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Perumal","family":"Vanamail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nisha","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","reference":[{"key":"R2-7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2007.10.028","article-title":"Glycemic levels with glucose loading test during pregnancy and its association with maternal and perinatal outcomes","volume":"80","author":"Korucuoglu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"R3-7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707943","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"358","author":"Metzger","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R4-7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1816","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus: Clinical predictors and long-term risk of developing type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study using survival analysis","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R5-7-20241212","first-page":"69","article-title":"The hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome (HAPO) study","volume":"78","author":"Contreras","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"R6-7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1407","article-title":"Glycemia and its relationship to outcomes in the metformin in gestational diabetes trial","volume":"33","author":"Rowan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R7-7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.03.022","article-title":"Randomized trial of metformin vs insulin in the management of gestational diabetes","volume":"209","author":"Spaulonci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R8-7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.4158\/EP14018.OR","article-title":"Metformin safety in the management of gestational diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Marques","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"R9-7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/jmf.11.4.218.225","article-title":"When diet fails: Insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents as alternatives for the management of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"11","author":"Langer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"R11-7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749476","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/749476","article-title":"Birth weight ratio as an alternative to birth weight percentile to express infant weight in research and clinical practice: A nationwide cohort study","volume":"2014","author":"Voskamp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Int"},{"key":"R12-7-20241212","first-page":"728","article-title":"Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus & associated risk factors at a tertiary care hospital in Haryana","volume":"137","author":"Rajput","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R13-7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2002.00684.x","article-title":"Screening for gestational diabetes; past, present and future","volume":"19","author":"Hanna","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"R14-7-20241212","first-page":"795","article-title":"Pregnancy in established non-insulin-dependent diabetics. A five-and-a-half year study at Groote Schuur Hospital","volume":"58","author":"Coetzee","year":"1980","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"R15-7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.11.2858","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes among women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with metformin","volume":"17","author":"Glueck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"R16-7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01221950","article-title":"Metformin in management of pregnant insulin-independent diabetics","volume":"16","author":"Coetzee","year":"1979","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"R17-7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.1.89","article-title":"Effect of metformin in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R18-7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707193","article-title":"MiG Trial Investigators. Metformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes","volume":"358","author":"Rowan","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R19-7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.11.051","article-title":"Placental passage of metformin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"83","author":"Vanky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"R20-7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmu022","article-title":"First-trimester exposure to metformin and risk of birth defects: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Cassina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"R21-7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2009.02780.x","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes treated with metformin or insulin: A case-control study","volume":"26","author":"Balani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"R22-7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2008.5.95","article-title":"Comparison of metformin and insulin in the treatment of gestational diabetes: A retrospective, case-control study","volume":"5","author":"Tertti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Diabet Stud"},{"key":"R23-7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2012.09.031","article-title":"Metformin compared with insulin in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus: Arandomized clinical trial","volume":"98","author":"Niromanesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"R24-7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.06.044","article-title":"Oral hypoglycaemic agents vs insulin in management of gestational diabetes: A systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"203","author":"Dhulkotia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R25-7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0660","article-title":"Metformin in gestational diabetes mellitus \u2013 The offspring follow up (MIFTOFU)-body composition at 2 years of age","volume":"34","author":"Rowan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/02223309-201745050-00007","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T23:02:27Z","timestamp":1751497347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/efficacy-of-metformin-in-improving-glycaemic-control-perinatal-outcome-in-gestational-diabetes-mellitus-a-non-randomized-study\/"}},"subtitle":["A non-randomized study"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_1358_15","relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-5916"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0971-5916"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}}}