{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T06:33:58Z","timestamp":1763534038378,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background & objectives:<\/jats:title>\n Biolarvicides may offer alternatives to chemical larvicides as these are known to be safe to environment and selective against the target species. However, only a limited number of biolarvicides have been approved for mosquito larval control. In the current study, a new formulation of spinosad, 20 per cent emulsifiable concentrate (EC) was tested for its efficacy against Culex quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>, in comparison to its 12 per cent suspension concentrate (SC).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Spinosad 20 per cent EC was tested against Cx. quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic> immature at 25, 50, 100 and 150 mg active ingredient (ai)\/m[2]<\/jats:sup> in cesspits, drains and abandoned wells in comparison with spinosad 12 per cent SC at the optimum field application dosage of 50 mg ai\/m[2]<\/jats:sup>.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n The 20 per cent EC caused 90-100 per cent reduction of pupal density for 7-14 days in cesspits, 10-17 days in drains and 14-30 days in abandoned wells at all dosages tested. At lower dosages of 25 and 50 mg ai\/m[2]<\/jats:sup>, >90 per cent reduction of pupal density was observed for one week in cesspits and street drains and for two weeks in abandoned wells. The effective duration of control provided by the higher dosages, 100 and 150 mg ai\/m[2]<\/jats:sup> was 1.4 to 2 times greater than the lower dosages, 25 and 50 mg ai\/m[2]<\/jats:sup>.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation & conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n The findings showed that the spinosad 20 per cent EC can be used for larval control against Cx. quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>, at the dosage of 25 mg ai\/m[2]<\/jats:sup> at weekly interval in cesspits and drains and at fortnightly interval in abandoned wells. Spinosad 20 per cent EC could be one of the options to be considered for larval control under integrated vector management.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_1369_15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,8]],"date-time":"2018-05-08T05:47:37Z","timestamp":1525758457000},"page":"32-40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Field evaluation of the biolarvicide, spinosad 20 per cent emulsifiable concentrate in comparison to its 12 per cent suspension concentrate formulation against Culex quinquefasciatus, the vector of bancroftian filariasis in India"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Candasamy","family":"Sadanandane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kasinathan","family":"Gunasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ponnusamy Sivagnana","family":"Boopathi Doss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Purushothaman","family":"Jambulingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","reference":[{"key":"R1-7-20241212","first-page":"81","article-title":"Susceptibility status of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae to fenthion in Delhi - A note on the possible development of resistance","volume":"36","author":"Mittal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Indian J Malariol"},{"key":"R2-7-20241212","first-page":"62","article-title":"Efficacy of microgel 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Ecol"},{"key":"R15-7-20241212","first-page":"783","article-title":"Efficacy of three formulations of diflubenzuron, an insect growth regulator, against Culex quinquefasciatus Say, the vector of bancroftian filariasis in India","volume":"136","author":"Sadanandane","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R16-7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1584\/jpestics.G09-36","article-title":"Development of insecticide resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito from different locations in India","volume":"35","author":"Suman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pestic Sci"},{"key":"R17-7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.66.238","article-title":"Insecticide susceptibility status of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, the vector of bancroftian filariasis against temephos in Delhi and National Capital Region","volume":"66","author":"Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect 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