{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T12:31:47Z","timestamp":1789475507799,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n                                 <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic> subspecies <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic> (MAP) has emerged as a major health problem for domestic livestock and human beings. Reduced per animal productivity of domestic livestock seriously impacts the economics of dairy farming globally. High to very high bioload of MAP in domestic livestock and also in the human population has been reported from north India. Presence of live MAP bacilli in commercial supplies of raw and pasteurized milk and milk products indicates its public health significance. MAP is not inactivated during pasteurization, therefore, entering into human food chain daily. Recovery of MAP from patients with inflammatory bowel disease or Crohn's disease and animal healthcare workers suffering with chronic gastrointestinal problems indicate a close association of MAP with a number of chronic and other diseases affecting human health. Higher bioload of MAP in the animals increases the risk of exposure to the human population with MAP. This review summarizes the current status of MAP infection in animals as well as in human beings and also highlights the prospects of effective management and control of disease in animals to reduce the risk of exposure to human population.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_1401_14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,31]],"date-time":"2017-03-31T13:12:30Z","timestamp":1490965950000},"page":"661-671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Current status of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in animals &amp; humans in India"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Ajay Vir","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devendra Singh","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoor Vir","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhinendra","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjali","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virendra Singh","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","reference":[{"key":"R1-6-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/8.6.1024","article-title":"Mycobacterial infections in AIDS patients, with an emphasis on the Mycobacterium avium complex","volume":"8","author":"Young","year":"1986","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"R2-6-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/3.5.960","article-title":"Mycobacterial infections in animals","volume":"3","author":"Thoen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"R3-6-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.3.489-512.2001","article-title":"Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in veterinary medicine","volume":"14","author":"Harris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R4-6-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.17221\/5539-VETMED","article-title":"Economic impact of paratuberculosis in dairy cattle herds: a review","volume":"51","author":"Hasonova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Med"},{"key":"R5-6-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6310","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00998-10","article-title":"Presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in environmental samples collected on commercial Dutch dairy farms","volume":"76","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"R6-6-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.01.016","article-title":"Horizontal transmission of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cattle in an experimental setting: calves can transmit the infection to other calves","volume":"122","author":"van Roermund","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"R7-6-20241212","first-page":"232","article-title":"Nested polymerase chain reaction and prenatal detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in bovine allantoic fluid and fetuses","volume":"4","author":"Buergelt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Appl Res Vet Med"},{"key":"R8-6-20241212","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: an emerging animal pathogen of Global concern","volume":"4","author":"Verma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Biores"},{"key":"R10-6-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00724-2","article-title":"Is Crohn's disease caused by a Mycobacterium? 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