{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:09:25Z","timestamp":1791295765380,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background & objectives:<\/jats:title>\n Although polymicrobial infections involving both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria are very common in diabetic foot ulcers, in many centres of developing countries, anaerobes are rarely isolated due to technical difficulties. This can be overcome by using a new simple, innovative technique of a combination of candle combustion and use of acidified copper-coated steel wool, as reported here.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n In-house developed method was used in a prospective clinico-microbiological study for anaerobes from randomly selected 43 patients with diabetic foot ulcers along with conventional method of anaerobic culture in GasPak system and aerobic culture by standard laboratory procedures. For primary isolation of anaerobes, Brucella<\/jats:italic> blood agar supplemented with hemin (5 \u03bcg\/ml) and menadione (1 \u03bcg\/ml) was used. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed by the standard disc diffusion method for aerobes and E<\/jats:italic>-test method for anaerobes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n All the 43 samples were culture positive, of which aerobic Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) predominated, followed by Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> and diphtheroids. Anaerobes isolated from 21 samples were Peptostreptococcus<\/jats:italic>, Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>, Porphyromonas<\/jats:italic>, Veillonella<\/jats:italic> spp. and Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic> by both GasPak and in-house developed and modified candle jar techniques. Imipenem and metronidazole were most sensitive while clindamycin, penicillin and cefoxitin were least sensitive drugs for anaerobes. Aerobic GNB were found to be multidrug resistant, especially to penicillin and cephalosporins. The most sensitive drug was piperacillin-tazobactam.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation & conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n For isolation of anaerobes from clinical specimens such as diabetic foot ulcers, modified candle jar technique was found to be as reliable as GasPak system. This modified technique needs to be tested for many other clinical materials which are not yet evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_1436_14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,29]],"date-time":"2017-05-29T12:31:30Z","timestamp":1496061090000},"page":"97-101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Isolation of bacteria from diabetic foot ulcers with special reference to anaerobe isolation by simple two-step combustion technique in candle jar"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Jayeeta","family":"Haldar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poulami","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satinath","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasanta Kumar","family":"Maiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","reference":[{"key":"R1-15-20241212","first-page":"283","article-title":"Detection of anaerobic infection in diabetic foot ulcer using PCR technique and the status of metronidazole therapy on treatment outcome","volume":"24","author":"Aherrao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"R2-15-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1086\/516148","article-title":"Osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetic patients","volume":"25","author":"Lipsky","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R3-15-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(20)30354-8","article-title":"The diabetic foot. Soft tissue and bone infection","volume":"4","author":"Lipsky","year":"1990","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"R4-15-20241212","first-page":"173","article-title":"Anaerobic culture on growth efficient bi-layered culture plate in a modified candle jar using a rapid and slow combustion system","volume":"31","author":"Maiti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R5-15-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-19870101-28","article-title":"The diabetic foot","volume":"10","author":"Wagner","year":"1987","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"R9-15-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.10.2197-2203.1991","article-title":"Evaluation of the E test for susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria","volume":"29","author":"Citron","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R10-15-20241212","first-page":"151","article-title":"Microbiologic and clinical profile of anaerobic diabetic foot infections","volume":"31","author":"Colayco","year":"2002","journal-title":"Philipp J Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R11-15-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4103\/1755-6783.95952","article-title":"Bacterial and clinical profile of diabetic foot patients","volume":"5","author":"Banoo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"R12-15-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V37N11p936","article-title":"Anaerobic culture of diabetic foot infections: Organisms and antimicrobial susceptibilities","volume":"37","author":"Ng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"R13-15-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0116","article-title":"A clinico-microbiological study of diabetic foot ulcers in an Indian tertiary care hospital","volume":"29","author":"Gadepalli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R14-15-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0255-0857(21)02831-0","article-title":"Bacteriology of diabetic foot lesions","volume":"22","author":"Anandi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R15-15-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.1.6.527-530.1975","article-title":"Anaerobic bag culture method","volume":"1","author":"Rosenblatt","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R16-15-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-124-31882","article-title":"Improved isolation of anaerobic bacteria from the mouse cecum by maintaining continuous strict anaerobiosis","volume":"124","author":"Spears","year":"1967","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"R17-15-20241212","first-page":"DL01","article-title":"Isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria: A study re-emphasizing its role","volume":"8","author":"Garg","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"R18-15-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1086\/498112","article-title":"Culture of percutaneous bone biopsy specimens for diagnosis of diabetic foot osteomyelitis: Concordance with ulcer swab cultures","volume":"42","author":"Senneville","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/02223309-201745010-00015","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T23:02:11Z","timestamp":1751497331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/isolation-of-bacteria-from-diabetic-foot-ulcers-with-special-reference-to-anaerobe-isolation-by-simple-two-step-combustion-technique-in-candle-jar\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_1436_14","relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-5916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0971-5916","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}}}