{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T17:18:00Z","timestamp":1778260680812,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"\n Background & objectives:<\/jats:title>\n Rheumatic fever (RF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are the autoimmune sequelae caused by Group A Streptococcus. RHD still remains a major concern in the developing countries due to its poor diagnosis, lack of vaccines and social awareness among population. This study was aimed to identify the plausible early- and late-stage disease markers associated with RF\/RHD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A total of 84 patients with confirmed pharyngitis (n=18), RF (n=23) and RHD (n=43) were included in the comparative analysis of different factors involved in host-pathogen interaction during RF\/RHD pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n This study revealed high titre of serum antistreptolysin O (ASO) antibody in pharyngitis compared to RF and RHD patients, whereas procollagen type 1 C-peptide (PICP) level was elevated in RHD which showed an inverse correlation with serum ASO titre. The significant elevation of serum anti-peptide associated with RF (PARF) antibody in RF patients was correlated as a probable stage-specific determinant. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokine profile revealed high levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12)\/IL-23p40, IL-17A in RF, whereas IL-6 concentration was higher in RHD compared to healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation & conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n The overall assessment of the factors\/disease markers involved in host-pathogen interaction in RF\/RHD may be suggestive of plausible disease marker in different groups of patients. Further studies with larger sample need to be done to better understand RF\/RHD pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_1554_14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]],"date-time":"2018-02-21T12:46:48Z","timestamp":1519217208000},"page":"758-766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Association of rheumatic fever & rheumatic heart disease with plausible early & late-stage disease 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