{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T05:11:36Z","timestamp":1767849096998,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>The low- and middle-income countries bear the highest burden of typhoid fever in the world. India, along with other South Asian countries, has a significant incidence of typhoid fever among young children though there is a paucity of published data on community burden. In spite of the availability of Vi-polysaccharide (Vi-PS) and conjugated Vi-PS vaccines, these are not adequately utilized in India and in the neighbouring countries. To address many shortcomings of the unconjugated Vi-PS vaccines, typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) are developed by conjugating Vi-PS with different carrier proteins. Three such vaccines using tetanus toxoid as a carrier protein are already licensed in India. Several other Vi-PS conjugates are currently in various stages of development. The current review provides an update on the existing and upcoming new TCVs along with a detailed discussion on the various issues involved with their clinical use and limitations.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_1890_17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,25]],"date-time":"2020-02-25T05:13:21Z","timestamp":1582607601000},"page":"22-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The need &amp; the issues related to new-generation typhoid conjugate vaccines in India"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"151","author":[{"given":"Vipin M.","family":"Vashishtha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ajay","family":"Kalra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","reference":[{"key":"R1-4-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e570","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70301-8","article-title":"Burden of typhoid fever in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic, literature-based update with risk-factor adjustment","volume":"2","author":"Mogasale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"R2-4-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005376","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005376","article-title":"The burden of typhoid fever in low \u2013 And middle-income countries: A meta-regression approach","volume":"11","author":"Antill\u00f3n","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R4-4-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004616","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004616","article-title":"The burden of typhoid and paratyphoid in India: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"John","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R5-4-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.06.039818","article-title":"A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: Disease burden and implications for controls","volume":"86","author":"Ochiai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"R6-4-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181e39f8b","article-title":"Incidence of typhoid bacteremia in infants and young children in Southern Coastal Pakistan","volume":"29","author":"Owais","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"R7-4-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200105000-00010","article-title":"Typhoid fever in Bangladesh: Implications for vaccination policy","volume":"20","author":"Saha","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"R8-4-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1102.040422","article-title":"Bacteremic typhoid fever in children in an urban slum, Bangladesh","volume":"11","author":"Brooks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"R11-4-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/131.5.553","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of gal E mutant Ty 21a of Salmonella Typhi: A candidate strain for a live, oral typhoid vaccine","volume":"131","author":"Germanier","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R12-4-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.24","article-title":"Immunization with Ty21a live oral typhoid vaccine elicits crossreactive multifunctional CD8+ T-cell responses against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, S Paratyphi A, and S Paratyphi B in humans","volume":"8","author":"Wahid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"R13-4-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198710293171801","article-title":"Prevention of typhoid fever in Nepal with the Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella Typhi. 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