{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T16:08:16Z","timestamp":1791648496444,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"\n Background & objectives:<\/jats:title>\n A high incidence of gallbladder cancer (GBC) is observed in northern India. This study was aimed to identify the factors involved in developing GBC in this region.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A gallstones-matched, case\u2013control study was conducted in northern India. Ninety nine patients with GBC and gallstones (33 men and 66 women, mean age of 51.4 yr) comprised the case group, while 99 patients with cholelithiasis (40 men and 59 women, mean age of 45.7 yr) comprised the control group. All participants were interviewed to complete 183 questionnaire items that included 105 food items. Potential risk factors were identified using a multivariate analysis adjusted for age and sex. Significant risk factors were identified using a stepwise logistic-regression analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Age (\u226550 yr), education (illiterate), socioeconomic status (\u2264below poverty line), bowel habits (\u2264once a day), hypertension history, hypotensive drug use, non-vegetarian diet, use of firewood for cooking, tap water drinking, hand pump water drinking and high consumption of coffee and sweets were identified as the potential risk factors. In women, factors included menarche (<13 yr), number of pregnancies (\u22653 pregnancies) and parity (\u22653 babies). Of these factors, age, education, bowel habits, tap water drinking and multiple pregnancy and\/or multiparity were identified as significant risk factors, whereas a high consumption of coffee and sweets or hypotensive drug use and\/or hypertension history were protective factors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation & conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Poor bowel habits and drinking unsafe water appear to be the main risk factors for developing GBC. These are, however, modifiable factors which are capable of decreasing the risk of GBC in the north Indian population.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_201_19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T09:00:17Z","timestamp":1654506017000},"page":"699-706","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Risk factors for gallbladder cancer development in northern India: A gallstones-matched, case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"154","author":[{"given":"Kumudesh","family":"Mishra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anu","family":"Behari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pooja","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuo","family":"Tsuchiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Endoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health & Nutrition, Niigata University of Health & Welfare, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takao","family":"Asai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Engineering & Medical Technology, Niigata University of Health & Welfare, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshikazu","family":"Ikoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology & Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health & Medical Technology, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazutoshi","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinay Kumar","family":"Kapoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","reference":[{"key":"B1-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020:GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2585-0_5","article-title":"Salmonella typhi and gallbladder cancer","author":"Ferreccio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bacteria and cancer"},{"key":"B4-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02908879","article-title":"Epidemiological studies on the distribution and determinants of biliary tract cancer","volume":"7","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"key":"B5-20241212","first-page":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"Review of Published Data. 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